If you wish to carry out research at our Institute (independent research as well as research linked to our degree programmes) prepare a proposal based on our guidelines [PDF].
Have a look at the extended abstracts of the research carried out at our Institute. Full dissertations are available at the University of Malta Library.
Master of Science
Rerouting municipal waste collection in Malta. An examination of waste collection routes with proposed new systems using GIS methodology
Liliya Ausiannikava
Kerbside collection of waste is not often included as part of carbon footprint analysis in view that it constitutes about five percent of the carbon emissions generated by the waste collection and treatment system. However, it also represents the most expensive functional element in the entire waste management process, reaching as high as 75 percent of all costs in the total municipal solid waste (MSW) management system. Most costs relate to fuel, together with labour costs. Fuel consumption results in various pollutants, predominantly carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide, which are of major concern due to their contribution to global warming and acid rain. In Malta, transport emissions reach 14 percent of total emissions which is significantly higher than the European average which generally reaches 5 percent Currently there is no fixed collection route for waste collection. Routes are left to the drivers who devise a route simply on their experience. Therefore, room for improvement is clearly present and it is necessary to find an optimal solution to reduce fuel consumption and minimize emissions. This research uses Geographic Information Systems (GIS) through the ArcGIS Network Analyst application to optimize routes by enhancing the efficiency of waste collection and transportation in the cities of Mellieħa and Attard, Malta. The model that is created is based on data collection involving the Global Positioning System tracking including bin position, (landfill) and collection route as variables. Key performance indicators of the existing practice are estimated. Following this, potential optimal scenarios were developed and compared to the existing collection routes. Results indicate that the proposed scenarios have direct positive impacts on vehicle operating times with operational cost savings and reduced carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and particle emissions.
Keywords: Municipal solid waste, collection route, Geographic Information Systems, Network Analyst, route optimization, transport emissions, carbon dioxide, Malta.
Exploring the perceptions on mass public transport in an island context. The case of Malta
Karl Mizzi
One of the main problems worldwide is traffic congestion, which is one of the leading causes of air pollution. Malta is no exception to this, additionally, it is one of the most densely populated countries in the world. One of the problems associated with the traffic congestion in Malta is attributed to the car-culture and the negative perceptions on mass public transport. In turn, people are discouraged to use mass public transport, and instead turn to their personal cars.
The aims of this dissertation are to understand and identify the reasons for people’s perceptions on mass public transport. Different perceptions are a result of diverse factors, which include, amongst others, demographic factors such as age, gender, locality of residence and income. This dissertation evaluates these reasons and associates them with people’s perceptions on mass public transport.
Although Malta currently offers two services of mass public transport types, which are the bus and the ferry, this does not mean that other types of mass public transport cannot potentially be introduced in the future. In fact, this is not something unheard of, with several mentions by different governments, throughout the years, regarding their plans on solving the traffic problem by introducing a new type of mass public transport. This dissertation identifies the different types of mass public transport which have been in Malta in the past, some of which do not currently operate, and also identifies the different potential options of mass public transport which can be introduced in the future. In order for a new type of mass public transport to be successful, it is necessary that people are willing to switch their preferred type of commuting, which in Malta is the car. Therefore, their perceptions on a new type of mass public transport should be positive if the government’s aim is to encourage public transport usage and discourage car use.
Keywords: Mass public transport, car-culture, perceptions, traffic, pollution, behaviour change, modal switch
Electric vehicle users and their travel behaviour patterns in Malta
Natalia Vella
The use of Electric Vehicles (EVs) has long been encouraged to enhance environmental sustainability. This is because as opposed to conventional vehicles, EVs produce no exhaust gas emissions from their tailpipes and can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions, particularly if the electricity is produced from renewable energy sources. While many studies suggest the widespread use of EVs due to its benefits on the environment, other studies suggest the opposite. This is because the benefits of EVs have raised some concerns as switching from an ICEV to an EV may alter the travel behaviour of its users. Therefore, this study analyses a variety of travel behaviour outcomes as it looks at how the use of EVs affects daily travel among EV users in Malta. This study explores whether the widespread use of EVs influences the travel behaviour of the driver as it compares the number of weekly trips performed by EV drivers as they transition from driving an ICEV to an EV. Through the distribution of a survey, the results suggest that EVs are perceived by the respondents to be more environmentally friendly than other transport modes. However, according to the results EV users make more trips when driving their EV. Overall, the major findings indicate that the widespread usage of EVs in Malta has an impact on EV users' travel patterns, which may in turn exacerbate Malta's ongoing issues with traffic congestion and parking shortages.
Keywords: Electric Vehicles, Mobility, Transport, Travel, Travel patterns, Sustainability, Malta.
Towards a zero-carbon future. Investigating the barriers that are limiting the adoption of electric vehicles in the Maltese islands
Emmanuel Buttigieg
As part of the national strategy in promoting sustainable development, the Maltese government is encouraging the adoption of electric vehicles in the Maltese Islands by providing consumers financial incentives. Yet, electric vehicle ownership results to be still very low. This study provides an understanding of the main barriers that are limiting the adoption of electric vehicles, considering also the effectivity of the vehicle’s purchase price and costs on consumers’ decisions. The efficacy of current financial incentives is also evaluated to establish if such incentives are determinant in incrementing sales.
Data collection was performed utilising an online questionnaire to individuals of 18 years of age and over, including both consumers who possess a driving licence and those who do not. The questionnaire survey was structured in three sections: the demographic section, Likert Scales and stated choice experiments. The demographic section gives a picture of the demography of the sample population, also providing valuable information in establishing the trends and patterns associated with electric vehicle purchase among different socio-demographic groups in the Maltese society. Likert scales evaluated consumer attitude, perceptions and knowledge towards electric vehicle adoption while stated choice experiments focused on economic factors considered as barriers in the adoption of such vehicles. The data obtained from the questionnaire survey was processed statistically employing crosstabulation, Chi-Square tests and the Multinomial logit model. Crosstabulation evaluated the association between individual socio-demographic variables and electric vehicle purchase, while Chi-Square tests examined the significance of each association. On the other hand, the Multinomial logit model assessed the effectiveness of purchase price, road licence cost, fuel/charging cost and battery replacement cost on the choice of the type of vehicle purchase. Furthermore, the statistical output was also supported by various graphical representations.
This study concludes that purchase price and running costs result to be influential in determining consumers’ decision on whether to purchase or otherwise an electric vehicle. Knowledge about such vehicles is still limited among the general public, therefore effective informative campaigns are necessary to increase awareness and reduce perceived risks associated with electric vehicles, which may arise when consumers perform purchase decisions based on heuristics (assumptions based on mental shortcuts). The findings of this research may result helpful when designing policies which aim in promoting an increase in the adoption of electric vehicles in the Maltese Islands, thus, contributing in reaching the target of carbon neutrality.
Keywords: Electric vehicle adoption, sustainable transport, carbon neutrality, Maltese Islands, financial
incentives, climate change
Ritianne Buhagiar
This study investigates children’s active and independent mobility. Using school travel as an indicator, the factors influencing transport mode choice are analysed in the context of the Maltese Islands where the majority of children are driven to the primary school
in their locality despite the proximity. In this scenario, there thus exists the potential for active transport where an understanding of the major determinants to mode choice can target a shift in the currently unsustainable transport to school.
The role of the parents is central to this research due to the age of the subjects and this is studied to explore the influence parents have on children’s transport mode and outdoor autonomy and the factors which in turn have an influence on parental choices.
Taking a parent-centred approach in the collection of data, parents of children in Year 1 – Year 6 of the State Primary School of San Lawrenz (Gozo), Siġġiewi and St Paul’s Bay were invited to complete a survey collecting information on their child’s mobility patterns and outdoor autonomy where the choice of localities is based on their contrasting geography, demographic, socio-economic and cultural factors with the results highlighting the diversity and differing parental concerns. Through the factors identified from this research, it is evident that interventions need to be designed with significant focus on addressing parental concerns of safety, security, and time.
This study makes a contribution to research in the area of children’s mobility where children as transport users are under-researched in the local context and addresses the challenges of child obesity and transport emissions.
Through a better understanding of the barriers and gateways to children’s active transport and outdoor autonomy, this study aims to provide a background for informed guidance to policy and planning decisions in shifting school travel from driving to active modes of transport and more ambitiously to independent walking or cycling.
Yolande Newton
As a Small Island Developing State (SIDS), Grenada joins the rest of the world in assimilating the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into national plans and policies. However, executing national plans requires significant local resources which are often augmented by (and proportionally higher) concessional loans or grants from development entities but which come with clear conditions. Other major sources of development financing mobilised are private external investments, philanthropic donors and south-south cooperation agreements. Nonetheless, the governments of small states like Grenada as well as least development countries would often find themselves compromising priorities of both immediate and future national goals, in order to obtain the available financial support. A fundamental issue within the SDGs Agenda is climate change, which accordingly influences development support, particularly to SIDS as they are intrinsically more vulnerable. This research examined the realities of Grenada’s development progress and the impacts, if any, of climate finance mechanisms on the country’s development priorities. It did so with a specific review of the relevant literature followed by critical conversations with key individuals who were engaged in this ‘development progress’ in Grenada, and subsequent candid reflections.
Rainer Borg
In the last few years, online news portals and social media helped to raise awareness on the negative long-term environmental impacts brought about by the use of plastics. The general public, including politicians, responded well and we can now see a paradigm shift towards a lifestyle with minimum plastic use. Unfortunately, promotional campaigns always target end-users and consumers. So far, there are no studies that investigate the use of plastics in the environment itself to grow crops.
The main aim of this research is to study agriculture plastic waste in Malta, and its disposal patterns. Following a review of existing literature on the topic, a survey with farmers who part-take in agricultural activities, was carried out. This, to better understand the traits and trends on plastic disposal in the local sector. Additionally, site audits were carried out to quantify the plastic waste produced on-site. Such an approach helped to collect data that address the knowledge gap identified during the preliminary stage of this study.
Interviews with stakeholders were also carried out to discuss existing waste policies and any strategies that are planned to help tackle this problem. Following analysis of the collected data, a number of research methods were adopted to help identify traits related to the
industry. The main agricultural plastic waste in Malta was found to be related to irrigation pipes and mulching that are linked to the local climate and the crops grown respectively. At the moment, there are no policies or strategies that target the collection, reuse, or recycling of agricultural plastic waste. The survey helped to indicate that farmers generally dispose of the material at the Civic Amenity sites and ultimately, get diverted to the landfill. Disposal of plastic waste through incineration and ploughing, was also found to be common. This study succeeds in addressing the research gap, which concerns the typical generation of agricultural plastic waste, and the trends related to the disposal patterns, by local farmers.
Suzanne Maas
Across the globe, the approach to transport planning is shifting towards sustainable urban mobility planning, in an effort to address traffic congestion, air pollution, and carbon emission reductions, and to promote a better quality of life for urban citizens. In this context, Bicycle Sharing Systems (BSS) have emerged as a transport innovation, allowing for multimodal travel, without having to own a private bicycle, while normalizing cycling in cities where this was not previously the norm. In the span of two decades, BSS have grown from just a handful to almost 3,000 systems worldwide.
To understand which factors influence cycling, and BSS use specifically, this research used socio-ecological approaches to understand active travel behaviour. A framework was created to assess the influence of individual factors, social environment factors, and objective and perceived physical environment factors, as well as the policy environment shaping these. This research focuses on Southern European island cities, with their specific geographical and socio-cultural context, high population density and car-dependence, and a strong influence of tourists and visitors. The aim of this research is to analyse the use of BSS, and the role they play in promoting cycling as a mode of transport in Southern European island cities, as part of their ambition to promote sustainable urban mobility. A multiple-case study approach is used to analyse the introduction and use of the BSS in Limassol (Cyprus), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Spain) and the conurbation around Valletta (Malta).
Self-reported usage data from a BSS user survey in the three sites was analysed through descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and binary logistic regression models. BSS trip data provided by the BSS operators, combined with external datasets, enabled the assessment of the influence of objective physical environment factors on observed BSS use in the case study cities through spatio-temporal regression modeling.
The influence of individual, social environment and physical environment factors on shared bicycle use is analysed, looking at differences between frequent and infrequent BSS users, to get a better understanding of the motivators and barriers that influence BSS use. Results show that frequent BSS use is positively associated with frequent use of other ‘alternative’ transport modes, such as public transport use, as well as with shorter distances from respondents’ residence and most frequent destinations to the nearest BSS station. Higher perceived safety of cycling was also associated with more frequent BSS use, as did a positive social norm, including support from friends and family, respect from other road users, and feeling that cycling is an accepted form of transport, confirming the importance of such factors in building a cycling culture. The influence of land use, socio-economic, network and temporal factors on BSS station use is examined through bivariate correlation analysis and the development of linear mixed models for each case study. The results showed a significant positive relationship with the number of cafes and restaurants, vicinity to the beach or promenade and the percentage of foreign population at the station locations in all cities.
In Limassol and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, a positive relation with cycling infrastructure was evident. This association was not found in Malta, as there is little to no cycling infrastructure in the island’s conurbation, where most of the BSS stations are located. Elevation showed a negative relationship with BSS use in all three cities. A positive effect of higher temperatures and a negative effect of rainfall were observed in Limassol and Malta, where seasonality in weather patterns is stronger than in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.
The findings and recommendations of this study contribute to a better understanding of BSS use and cycling in the context of ‘starter’ cycling cities, as well as suggestions for how to overcome the barriers and leverage the motivators for the promotion of cycling, towards the goal of making sustainable urban mobility a reality.
Karyn Scerri
The development of sustainable urban environments is not solely based on the economic and environmental facets of sustainability but also includes social sustainability and resilience. This ensures that people within those urban areas are positively impacted by their environment and their well-being is safeguarded. This research focuses on understanding the link between the urban environment and the Maltese road users mental well-being by using the town of Birkirkara as a case study area. Using questionnaire surveys and street observations, the main urban stressors experienced by Birkirkara residents was analysed. Apart from identifying the urban stressors from the literature and testing them in the case study area, their variation depending on the transport mode used will also be analysed. Additionally, maps showing the urban area and the street activity were created to support the study. The data from the questionnaires was then correlated with the features observed from the physical environment through a street quality checklist. The results show that although road users may evaluate their trips differently in terms of feelings of pleasantness, excitement and interestingness, ultimately, they experience the same stressors which are mediated through unsustainable aspects within the urban environment. The findings are useful inputs for policy-making and urban planning to move towards sustainable development of urban areas that positively impact the population's mental-being.
Precious Shola Mwamulima
The choices we make about the food we eat have major ramifications on personal human health and global ecological health. Food production occupies more than one third of global land area sand accounting for ~30% of total greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) of which 80% is live stock, collectively intensify climate change. Simultaneously, food ecosystems shape an oxymoron of overconsumption with diet-related noncommunicable diseases being the number one health burden, alongside under consumption of one billion hungry people, all compounded by food losses and waste. Thereby, floating the question of the sustainability of diets .For the study, representative national nutrition datasets on food production and consumption in the Malta, Brazil, Australia, India and Zambia were used with metanalysis food emission estimates. Four variant diets of vegan, vegetarian, World Health Organisation (WHO) recommended diet and Food and Agriculture (FAO) reference diet scenarios modelled for 2050 projections with the reference year 2005/7. Life cycle assessment (LCA) quantified diet-related emissions of animal and plant- based foods and global warming potential (GWP) assessed emissions from land use along three inventory indicators of ammonia emissions, land use and blue water within cradle-to-store system boundaries with a special focus on gender. The study found that none of the case studies can meet the FAO projections by 2050 showing a dire need for current diet transition. WHO diets would cut GHGE by 31.2%, vegetarian (66%); vegan (74%). The GWP is higher in men all countries due to a higher share of red meat. The largest absolute environmental benefits result from diet shifts in Zambia and India whereas Australia, Malta and Brazil gain most in per capita terms. In conclusion, red meat GHGE is nearly twice those of vegans, therefore reduced red meat consumption substantially reduces dietary GHGE. The study also shows that within one society two distinct diets with differential environmental impacts exist. Taking the interplay of culture and physiology among the genders can develop Climate Change adaptation and mitigation policies for operative interventions allowing sustainable diets with reduced GHGE. Limitations in the study were the system boundaries that restricted to set of environmental indicators and only English literature reviewed. Future work should delve into the epidemic of counterfeit foods fuelled by demand for processed foods with implications on the environment, health and economies.
Anthony George Rizzo
The ranking of coastal roads according to their vulnerability to climate change is a complex issue. In order to increase the quality of life and community sustainability, the environmental and social sustainability of coastal roads must also be considered. Indicators of vulnerability are profiled, on the IPCC-based vulnerability concept and defined as a function of Climate Exposure, Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity. These dimensions need to be considered during the ranking process and can be modelled as a Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) problem. This study proposes an approach which integrates the results of different MCDM methods to provide a ranking model for climate change vulnerability of coastal roads in Malta. This approach combines six objective weighting methods made up of eleven climate change vulnerability indicators and applies them to rank the climate change vulnerability of six coastal roads using five MCDM methods. The results indicate different rankings. Following this initial phase two other MCDM methods were used to provide a definitive ranking. The results indicate that the proposed approach can integrate the inconsistent evaluation results of different MCDM methods and produce a coherent ranking of climate change vulnerability of coastal roads. The study provides policy and decision makers with a definition of a coastal road, an inventory of such roads, a list of climate change impacts and a mathematical model that incorporates climate change vulnerability indicators. The model can be used to prioritise investment and plan climate change adaptation strategies for infrastructural works on coastal roads.
Esther Cortis
This research investigates the extent of damage on agricultural land by potential flash flooding and projected sea level rise as a result of climate change in the northern part of Malta. This study also investigates the use of visual displays, such as maps and their effectiveness in improving farmers’ awareness and knowledge of climate change events and the subsequent impacts. This study develops a methodology for establishing affected areas, using available spatial databases, CORINE land cover map and the Land Parcel Identification System. Data was collected from primary and secondary sources. The primary focus is the collection of secondary data, including ortho-photos, elevation data, rainfall data, land use databases, geology data and rainfall data. Using Geographic Information System (GIS) tools and the existing data, the researcher could identify the amount of agricultural lands that would be affected by flash flooding and sea level rise. Six factors, namely flow accumulation, the annual rainfall, the geology, the elevation, the slope, and the land cover, were combined in GIS in order to identify the most prone flooding areas by producing a flood map. This research study uses the inundation model, as it is relatively inexpensive and quick to run. Elevation data, agricultural lands cover and various scenarios of different heights of sea level were applied. Primary data was also gathered from twenty Northern Maltese farmers. Findings revealed that the use of geo-visualization techniques can help farmers gain more information and become more aware of the effects of the two phenomena on agricultural lands. The research suggests that national preparedness assessments, including visual displays should be adopted in order to identify areas that are at risk or vulnerable to such impacts. Despite a number of challenges, the proposed methodology can be applied to decision making in the area of climate change adaptation.
Christian Magrin
Water is critical for the agricultural sector and worldwide food provision. It has proved to be the most important factor for both animal husbandry and crop production. Rainfall sustains the majority of crop production but other water sources are used when crop water requirements are not fully met by rainwater. While a number of different water sources are used for irrigation, groundwater is the most used resource worldwide (GWP, 2012). Groundwater use for irrigation developed over the last half a century with technology advancements aiding this development. It led to large scale farming across the globe and consequently improved food security, increased production and served as an economic incentive to farmers. This research posits ‘accessibility and availability of groundwater’ as the most attractive driver for the use of groundwater for irrigation. On the other hand rainfall inconsistency is the most determining factor which forces farmers to seek water. The exploitation of groundwater resources is noted in places with arid characteristics. The over-reliance on groundwater in Malta is reflected in national official statistics. In this research a series of meter readings, reflecting actual groundwater usage showed there is a substantial use of this resource although data varied from national statistics. The reason for the variance between the two sets of data is due primarily to modelled national groundwater usage data. Groundwater usage data based on actual use is still to be compiled from water meters which have only been installed in recent years.
Alternative water sources and the implementation of irrigation management strategies are the best methods to reduce damage on groundwater while ensuring that water for irrigation is being used sustainably. Alternative water sources include the ‘new water’ that is still being developed in Malta and stored rainwater. The most ideal irrigation management strategy involves the use of irrigation methods which are water saving.
Christian Grima
Education can be considered as one of the main features of a social formation contributing to the development of our economies and societies. The need for those in the labour force to develop their skills and knowledge has been rapidly increasing as job tasks are becoming more complex and job mobility increases. Such advances can raise doubts about the relationship that exists between education and economic development in terms of labour market needs. The diversity in educational provision in the small island of Malta is very promising however the problem of skills shortages in the labour market is still persisting and has become one of the government’s highest priorities.
By studying the changing landscape of education expansion and the transition of graduates from university to the world of work, one can draw out the implications for the policies of governments and national identity. By identifying the aspects behind students’ choice of study, this study aims to explore the relationship between tertiary education and labour market trends of Maltese graduates and tries to recognize whether such a population has a skill mis-match or otherwise. Consequently, the effects of this mis-match on graduates’ earnings are measured. This was done using the University of Malta alumni students as a case study.
The various research methods, including the manipulation of the primary and secondary data collected from different sources and a detailed description of the methodological approach adopted in this study will be presented. All the data gathered will be recorded, interpreted and discussed in depth. These findings will eventually help future researchers to determine what instigates skills gap among graduate workers and how this is affecting the development of Malta’s labour market. Moreover, this research will act as a surrogate measure to link the sectors of education and employment for the benefit of a healthier economy, which attracts foreign direct investment leading to employment, job satisfaction and a more sustainable economy.
Jonathan Caruana
The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the social aspect within the sustainability debate is integrated into urban regeneration projects, and the urban, economic and social implications of adopting a postmodern type of regeneration. The paper points out the powerful advantages of urban regeneration and postmodern development projects to revive derelict areas and promote cities, but also highlights the dilemmas that emerge from such processes, such as a lack of social inclusion and cultural homogeneity, as well as gentrification.
The paper uses Strait Street, in Valletta, as a case study. A literature review was conducted to examine the relationship between the above topics. In addition, a qualitative method of research was adopted, which provided established rules for the collection of empirical data and was the starting point for choosing the relative methods of research. The two main methods used where semi-structured interviews and an online questionnaire. In addition, structured observation within the street under study was conducted for further data triangulation.
From the research, it clearly emerges that changes in Strait Street are occurring at a slow but steady rate, with one section in particular being slowly revived as the main entertainment area in the city. A number of findings in the study suggest the regeneration of Strait Street is heading in a post-modern direction. This growing trend in opening entertainment spaces instead of retail has made Strait Street the main area for the city’s nightlife. Such urban revival alone, however, does not meet social sustainability requirements unless the gradual decrease in population and a lack of provision of decent and affordable housing in the area is addressed. The study argues for policies that reverse such process and places special emphasis on the European Capital of Culture Event in 2018 as a main tool by which to achieve a socially sustainable urban regeneration of the area.
By analysing various literary sources and using other European cities as examples, this paper explores the process of urban regeneration of derelict areas such as Strait Street from a postmodern perspective. This research will hopefully contribute to a lack of research on social sustainability and postmodern development with regards to the local context. Research results will be an addition to considerations about urban regeneration from such perspectives, shedding light on changes in urban lifestyles, which are occurring in different sequences, time periods and in places. This subject encompasses a wide range of issues and hence further research will need to be made by others, perhaps approaching the subject from new perspectives and also applying theories to the whole of Valletta.
Sara Hazzard
The quality of transport systems has been closely examined in recent years as negative issues concerning mobility increasingly question the car as a champion of personal transport. Cities are under pressure to create and maintain sustainable urban spaces that provide a good quality of life for their inhabitants while at the same time accommodate the increasing number of cars circulating within them.
The overall focus of this study is personal car use in an urban environment and the factors that influence individuals who use the car as their primary form of transport, in particular those factors that concern car users in Malta. The factors influencing car use are explored using a case study research method to produce rich qualitative data about different, interrelating aspects of an individual’s life. Habit strength and personal norm were measured in a sample of seven participants who were asked to perform an implementation intention strategy to reduce some of their car use. Car diaries were completed either side of the introduction of information about alternative forms of transport. Subsequently, all participants were interviewed at length.
From a series of thematic analyses of the participants' interviews, the data showed that the car users experience widely differing socio-situational circumstances and lifestyles that demand particular levels of mobility, but which indicate similar levels of car dependency. A shift in behaviour may require a cultural shift in the way tasks are viewed and performed. The ease of using the car may need to be curbed in order for people to rethink their priorities.
Car-dependent environments favour primarily the motorist. Car-use behaviour is complex and there is no single solution that will reduce the number of cars on urban roads. In the context of pursuing sustainable mobility, any change in transport modal share can be viewed as a balance between soft and hard measures to bring about effective behavioural change.
Rebecca Pirotta
This study looks at the sustainability of child mobility, a branch within the larger field of transport geography. It adds to the research in the factors influencing modal choice for children within Maltese families. It also makes a primary contribution to research into social sustainability within the Maltese Islands, filling in large gaps in knowledge on how children experience their journeys, in particular the journey to school. The main purpose of this research is to identify whether a correlation exists between children’s gender, age and the distance travelled and the mode of transport used to travel to school and extra-curricular activities. Moreover, the outcomes are especially interested in understanding the influence the mode places on the child’s resultant spatial cognition, in relation to understanding routes and the location of landmarks experienced in the journey to school. The method includes the delivery of a child-profile questionnaire and a travel diary to a sample of boys and girls aged ten to fourteen years who travel different distances to arrive to their school, St. Martin’s College. Data is extrapolated and analysed statistically to conclude that the child’s gender and age affects the modal choice, whilst the distance travelled encourages the popularity or the use of the car or school transport. The study uses participation-action research with the involvement of diagramming exercises, in order to compare the degree of spatial understanding owned by children according to the mode experienced on a daily basis. The results show that although the majority of children are driven to school, there are differences between boys and girls, different ages and the distance travelled. The participative mapping exercises then resulted in a wider spatial awareness in children who use the car to travlled to school. This research concludes by providing areas for future policy implementation to positively affect problems of transport congestion.
Johann Attard
Advances in information technology have enabled lay people to create, use and share geographical data in an increasingly accessible fashion. Such citizen-generated spatial data is usually referred to as Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI). The tools used in such a journey are undoubtedly web applications which have stepped up to the plate when it comes to the collection and analysis of geographic data.
In order to deal with these challenges and improve the utility of VGI, this research underwent the study of whether the Public Participatory Geographic Information Systems meet good governance in the ecoGozo initiative. It also queried the assumption that the participatory application of the GozoMap tool is effective, meets the content needs and satisfies the underlying interests of local people. The ecoGozo concept provided an unprecedented exercise outlining the long term path to sustainable development in Gozo. Such a holistic project cannot bare fruition without citizen participation. Henceforth, the appropriate frequency between decision makers and civil society has been set up.
As a preliminary work to explore PPGIS opportunities in Gozo, a framework of the different types of VGI is followed by a review of the challenges and solutions related to the utilization of VGI. The development of the GozoMap tool served as a platform for the evaluation of selected themes from the ecoGozo action plan. On the other hand, participants interacted with the application to provide, explore and visualise citizen-generated spatial data from all the localities in Gozo.
Findings revealed that the implementation of geo-visualization techniques enabled users to gain new insights on the data collected. Moreover, the PPGIS framework designed for this study provided several opportunities to propose and implement the interests and views of diverse stratas of society. Henceforth, the citizens will acknowledge the spatial implications of policies and actions and policy makers can appreciate the legitimacy of local interests in Gozo.
Annalisa Farrugia
Growing concern over human health and environmental issues related to air quality requires the EU member states to monitor a range of air pollutants and fall in line with limit values. For this reason two air monitoring systems have been set up in the Maltese Islands. These are run by Malta Environment and Planning Authority and measure for a number of pollutants. An analysis of the data collected so far shows that in the last decade, the introduction of cleaner fuels has led to a decrease in sulphur dioxide and benzene levels. Nonetheless, an increase in the volume of traffic has led to increases in the other air pollutants. Of these, particulate matter and ozone have been identified as the two main air pollutants of concern in Malta. Consequently, there is a dire need for reliable tools to model and manage air quality in Malta.
For this purpose, the current study explores the use of Geographical Information Systems, namely, spatial interpolation to predicting air pollutants in unsampled locations. The influence of road traffic and other factors which impinge on the air pollutants‟ concentrations was analysed using the Pearson Product Moment Coefficient. Special attention was given to the sources and factors involving the above named two air pollutants of concern. The linear regression equation was also used to predict air pollutant levels from traffic volumes. Values calculated from these were then used to produce interpolated surfaces which were then evaluated for reliability. The main findings indicate Universal Kriging interpolation as producing more efficient estimations of unsampled concentrations. Road traffic is confirmed a main source of air pollution in Malta. Nonetheless, weather variables also have a significant effect. Hence, it is recommended that these sources be quantified and other modeling techniques be analysed.
Annalise Grech
Water is a major concern for the Maltese Islands, but there seems to be very little effort towards its sustainable use, particularly in households. This study aims to identify the amounts and main uses of water in Maltese households and the patterns of use. The relationships between consumption patterns and socio-economic and demographic characteristics of households were also identified. The perceived water consumption of households, collected through questionnaires, was also compared to the actual water consumption, gathered from the time-use water diaries. Four hundred and thirty-two individuals filled in a structured questionnaire, while 30 households filled in time-use water diaries for a one week period. The data collected from these methods was then analysed in SPSS using frequency tables and Chi-Square tests. Results indicate that the average consumption for the sampled Maltese households in summer is 239.7 litres per capita per day. The highest end use is showering, followed by dish washing, laundry, tap use, and toilet flushing respectively.
Garden watering and car washing make up a small component of water end use. This study also established that household water consumption varies according to the time of day and the day of the week. This difference in consumption patterns is mostly noticeable when comparing weekdays to weekends. Moreover, results gathered for this study show that there is a relationship between a number of socioeconomic and demographic factors and water consumption amounts. These factors were found to be household income, type of house and rainwater tank ownership, family size, district, and level of education. Another important finding is that there is a mismatch between the individuals’ perceived and the actual household water consumption, in that persons perceive to consume more/less than the actual amounts. The quantitative methods used in this study proved advantageous since they provided in-depth and authentic data on household water consumption at end use level. Furthermore, by taking a number of measures and by developing effective policies, household water consumption can be significantly reduced.
Duncan Mifsud
The issue of vacant properties is a recurrent problem in cities, which failed to pass through a modern economic transition. Inescapably, State intervention either through central or local channels (or both) was the only answer to the resulting problems of properties falling into a derelict state as a result of this trauma of economic boom and bust. This happens when certain areas within a city flourish economically while the residential parts suffer from a demographic loss as evidenced by the increasing number of vacant properties. Valletta is one such city, which is still waiting for an innovative drive in this area; problems related to vacant and abandoned properties have been there for several decades. It is not practical to solve the issue of vacant property in Valletta City while ignoring the pertinent demographic shifts.
The aim of this research study was to carry out a detailed investigation of vacant properties located in the Lower Part of Valletta, the area identified in the Grand Harbour Local Plan as a ‘Housing Improvement Area’, and to propose a suitable sustainable strategy framework for their re-use. Colloquially, this urban quarter is known as il-Baviera area and its environs. Data collected from the study area was analyzed based on the methodology offered by Vigar et al.’s (2005) study on the spatial strategies adopted for cities. The study found out that this area needs a long-term strategy, where proactive policies are formed in accordance to the long-term needs. Sustainable urban regeneration provides a considerable promise for addressing and reversing decline, specifically population decline, in cities like Valletta. It proposes the use of a Land Bank, which will be responsible for surveying each and every vacant unit in the area. It will be used for the input of the acquired information into an interactive database, and by bringing all the stakeholders around the same table, it will seek to solve the problems that have been accumulating over the years by producing what is known as a sound nodal strategic plan.
Elaine Pace
Sustainable development is nowadays considered a possible base to help solve threatening problems which are occurring in today’s world, such as climate change, water quality, unemployment rate or people at risk of poverty. These problems happen in a complex environmental and socio-economic system. Helping these systems move to a more sustainable path requires particular action. The introduction of such action has been done by various researchers; however, sometimes these processes face a number of challenges.
This research was focused on developing a basic understanding of multi-criteria analysis as a tool for decision aiding when making complex decisions such as that of assessing the level of sustainability in a particular area. This study presents the potential role that multi-criteria analysis has in the decision making processes related to sustainability.
The aim of the research is to develop a methodology able to support a better understanding of sustainability through the analysis of various criteria related to the environmental, social and economic structure of the Island of Malta.
This research presents an assessment of the levels of sustainability of different districts in the Maltese Islands using a multi-criteria approach. The results showed that using a multi-criteria approach is a more effective assessment tool with that, results are easy to understand, and apply for decision making.
Deborah Mifsud
Over the past few years, several countries around the world have continued on their transition path towards a growth in the elderly population. Population ageing has become an important development issue that requires urgent action in developed countries. In this regard Malta is one of the countries in the European Union that has been adversely affected with such an issue over a relatively short time.
A number of towns and villages in Malta register a higher elderly population than others. By way of example one can make reference to Luqa, which is the town used as the case study of this research. The elderly people are one of the dominant ‘transport disadvantaged’ groups in the community. Correspondingly, research highly illustrates that transport is indispensable for a good quality of life, in particular for this demographic group. For this reason, using mainly primary data, this study aims to analyse whether the current public transport system in Malta is providing sustainable mobility or whether it is contributing to transport-related social exclusion, which excludes the elderly from participating in the activities that they need or desire. In order to analyse this, three research questions were set out. The first is to understand whether proximity to bus stops is actually a predictor of ridership frequency. Second is to analyse the main barriers that elderly people encounter when using public transport and third is to study whether the general hospital in Malta is accessible to the elderly population using the public transport network in their desired time budget. The two main data collection methods used in order to achieve these targets were telephone questionnaires and travel time surveys.
By identifying the main concerns as stated by the elderly population, this study seeks to encourage policy makers and planners, to target future development in public transport whilst taking in consideration the suggestions made by old people.
Rosalie Camilleri
Air pollution has long been linked to adverse health and environmental problems. Such realisation has lead to formulation of strategies and actions at various community scales, aimed at reducing air pollution. One of the air pollutants of concern today is the gaseous nitrogen dioxide (NO2). This study uses Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to characterise the spatial distribution of nitrogen dioxide in the Maltese Islands. The research is based on pollution concentration data collected by means of diffusion tube samplers at 134 locations across Malta and Gozo. Various contributing factors such as transport attributes, meteorological variables, land use characteristics and population data were used during analysis to explain the spatial variation in the concentration of nitrogen dioxide. The accuracy of the diffusion tube data was also assessed through a co-location study where diffusion tube samplers were exposed alongside the reference method for measuring the concentration of nitrogen dioxide in ambient air.
The results revealed that wind speed, land use type, population density and traffic volumes are all variables that have an impact on the concentration of NO2. However, the effect of such factors depends on the characteristics of the site in which air quality monitoring is undertaken. While population density, traffic volumes and land use type are significant predictors of NO2 at traffic sites, wind speed and land us type are important in shaping the concentration of the pollutant at urban background locations. Incorporating such contributing factors in the spatial modelling of NO2 levels was shown to increase the accuracy of the prediction. In addition land use regression followed by kriging of the residuals proved to be the most accurate and best suited method for generating pollution surface maps from point measurement data.
Diffusion tube samplers were shown to be precise in measuring the ambient concentration of NO2. This makes such measurement technique suitable for indicative monitoring of the pollutant concentration. However, since the results of this study have revealed that diffusion tubes overestimate the concentration of NO2, a correction factor needs to be applied to any data acquired through such passive measurement.
Pollution maps showing the distribution of nitrogen dioxide in the Maltese Islands indicate that the highest concentrations of NO2 at urban background levels occur in the Harbour region. Traffic is a major source of nitrogen dioxide in Malta and as a result locations characterised by high traffic volumes are also sites of high pollutant concentrations. While a number of actions and policies aimed at reducing nitrogen dioxide emissions are already in place, this study has identified other areas where research can support the decision-making process in further limiting the adverse effects of pollution from nitrogen dioxide and attaining sustainability goals.
James Cassar
Mobility is a necessity. However, this necessary activity cannot evade a number of related problems which tend to accompany the various modes of travel. Some of these associated inconveniences can possibly be reduced, depending on the means of transport adopted as well as the way these are used. Understanding how travel methods can accomplish a measure of sustainability is a compelling task. Sustainability in this sector has therefore become a popular endeavour also in Malta.
In 2010 the University of Malta commissioned the Institute for Sustainable Development (ISD) of the same University to devise a Green Travel Plan (GTP). This study utilises the data gathered by the ISD related to existing travel patterns at the University of Malta to identify main points about travelling behaviour at this University. The enquiry focuses mainly on those difficulties that are hindering students from adopting sustainable transport modes. The research aims at shedding light on these barriers, thus helping the researcher to develop proposals considered to be adequately suited to relieve this situation. Such proposal shall be based on the outcomes of focus groups, and on the study of the potential level of success of the suggested measures, should these be implemented.
The University of Malta is the subject of this case study. The work done will enable the researcher to put forward a number of measures to enhance the effectiveness of the Green Travel Plan. This knowledge may then act as a framework for the setting up of other GTPs for institutions in Malta, as well as apply the knowledge to remove those barriers hindering a change in mode choice towards sustainable travel.
Andrea Pace
Traditionally dense urban environments have been associated with ill-health and social problems. This perception is built on an anti-urban tradition that can be dated back to the eighteenth and nineteenth century industrial revolution. This led to an attraction to more spacious settlements and urban sprawl with the associated negative environmental impacts. Models have shown that dense settlements provide more efficiency when it comes to transportation systems and environmental protection.
This geodemographic study focuses on the relationship between the two elements of the social context mainly education and health, and urban development densities. A spatio-temporal approach is adopted for the case study of Malta. A set of social indicators was developed, following on from other indicator systems and dependent on data availability, with the 2005 census districts boundaries being used as spatial units. Demographic, education and health information was collated from censuses and other government reports and spanned from 1948 to 2005. Geographic Information Systems were then used for the visualisation and the interpretation of the social indicators.
In some cases in the past it has been shown that density could have affected morbidity. The study also shows that in the case of Malta, national developments can be stronger and can also supersede regional disparities. The findings confirm that compact settlements can be liveable cities and can be an alternative to the traditional urban sprawl.
Jacqueline Gatt
This study is focused on the spatial distribution of early school leavers and socio-economic inequalities in Malta. Early school leavers are defined as those individuals aged between 18 to 24 years, with a minimum of lower secondary education and not in further education or training (EUROSTAT, 2010). The objective of this study is to discover significant trends and patterns that might explain the high rate of early school leavers in Malta, using Geographic Information Systems to map the data available from the National Statistics Office.
The software ArcGIS is used as a tool to capture, structure, manage, analyse and visualise the data so that trends, patterns and relationships can be investigated in more depth and displayed visually. This study utilises a quantitative methodology using secondary data (collected in the Census 2005) to create population maps that display the socio-economic information on all districts in Malta.
According to this study, the Southern Harbour district shows the highest percentages of early school leavers, high rates of unemployment, low levels of education and schooling. Gozo ranks the highest in socio-economic inequalities, and offers high percentages for persons at risk-of-poverty, individuals with low income levels, and individuals receiving most social benefits. As a matter of fact, this study identifies a very high spatial correlation between early school leavers and socio-economic inequalities. Social polarisation has been detected in several districts, with the Western and Northern districts showing the lowest rates of early school leavers and socio-economic inequalities. A north-south geographical divide in Malta has emerged whereby districts were shown polarised not only in the perpetuation of several inequalities but also in occupation patterns, with higher percentages of blue collar workers in the south and white collar workers in the north.
Another important finding was that most early school leavers in Malta are in employment. These youths are undertaking jobs that do not require a tertiary level of education; in sectors with a larger constant demand for manpower, such as tourism or employed within family businesses. The spatial analysis maps designed and presented in this research have proved to be highly efficient in revealing patterns. The geographical analysis presented on socio-economic inequalities and early school leavers help identify more clearly districts which require further attention in terms of policy and investment in education. My discovery of associations between selected socio-economic variables and early school leavers in Malta can therefore help policy to make the required informed decisions.