The Human Genome: Are We Free or Determined?
The tremendous achievements of the human genome project have revolutionized
our concepts of human life and provided the "instruction book" containing
the entire DNA sequences in which are encoded the genes controlling all
aspects of development, structure and functioning of the components of
the human body. As such, cell function is genetically determined. There
is increasing evidence that complex traits including those relating to
mental function and adaptive behaviour also have genetic determinants.
These are likely to be genes of small effect that interact with one another
and with environmental factors. Mental function and adaptive behaviour
are higher functions of the human brain that depend on complex interactions
of individual neurons. While the underlying framework of the nervous system
is genetically determined, it is structured so as to provide interaction
between the body and its environment, allowing a great variety of possible
responses to external situations and therefore behavioural freedom. Most
behaviour patterns are learned during development and conditioned by environmental
factors, which also influence the level of mental functioning. Gene interactions
sometimes impose limitations in mental function, which may constitute mental
disorders. It has been argued that homosexuality, alcoholism, drug addiction,
criminality etc are the effects of genes. However, specific genes for such
conditions have not been identified and there are strong modifiable environmental
influences. Genetic determination does not absolve individuals from their
moral responsibilities and free will.
The constantly increasing knowledge of the human genome and dramatic
advances in biotechnology are expected to create new dimensions in medical
treatment and preventive health. Knowledge of individual genomes is expected
to increase individual freedom by providing opportunities for taking remedial
actions if some genes happen to convey predisposition to certain diseases.
However freedom may be severely restricted by patenting of genetic sequences
and by use of genetic information for restricting insurance policies or
employment opportunities.
Professor Alfred Cuschieri, Professor of Anatomy and Genetics at the
University of Malta and Consultant Geneticist in the Department of Health,
will address these issues at the next meeting of the Philosophy Society
which is being held on Thursday May 3rd at the Erin Serracino Inglott Hall
on Campus at 7.00p.m. Professor Alex Felice will respond.
Pizza and wine will be served at the Farmhouse after the discussion.
The general public is cordially invited to attend.
25 April 2001