Renewable energy contribution of air-conditioning heat pumps for the domestic sector in Malta

Abstract

The EU Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC recognises the renewable energy contribution of heat pumps used for space heating. In Malta, the use of airconditioners has mushroomed and is now considered to be the primary cause for peak power generation in summer. However, such air-conditioning systems may also be used for space heating and thus can contribute towards the renewable energy target for Malta. This paper aimed at evaluating the potential of renewable energy contribution of split-unit air-conditioners of the domestic sector. The seasonal heating performance ratio of an air-conditioner in the lower energy class rating was found to be 2.57, which may still qualify as a renewable energy heat pump, in accordance with the guidelines set in the RE Directive. A short survey was also conducted to determine the trend of Maltese households in using heat pumps for space heating. Based on the results, an estimate of the hours of heating was found and eventually the renewable energy contribution of heat pumps was calculated as 0.04% of the total final energy consumption of 2011. It was noted that only 26.3% of households that have air-conditioners actually use them for heating. The study concluded that an educational campaign to encourage the use of heat pumps for space heating is needed. Heating by means of heat pumps is more economical than other options, avoids local emissions of carbon dioxide and enhances the renewable energy share of Malta.