https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/144 2026-07-26T12:41:48Z https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/148192 Title: Pharmacist-led ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in community pharmacy : an operational feasibility case series Authors: Vella, Michaela; Wirth, Francesca; Camilleri, Liberato; Azzopardi, Lilian M. Abstract: Objectives: To evaluate the operational feasibility of pharmacist-led ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in community pharmacy practice.; Materials and Methods: This operational feasibility case series recruited eligible participants from four community pharmacies located in three geographical districts in Malta over a three-month recruitment period. Process feasibility included recruitment uptake and participant acceptability. Management feasibility included the completion of a valid 24-hour ABPM recording and successful tracking of post-referral outcomes. Pragmatic post-hoc benchmarks were applied: uptake of at least 60%, completion of valid recordings of at least 80%, and post- referral outcome tracking of at least 80%. Exact 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the Clopper-Pearson method.; Results: Ten of 20 invited participants consented, corresponding to an uptake rate of 50% (95% CI, 27.2–72.8%). Valid 24-hour ABPM recordings meeting the pre-defined recording quality criteria were obtained for 9 of the 10 participants, corresponding to a completion rate of 90% (95% CI 55.5–99.7). 4 participants were referred for physician review, and post-referral outcomes were obtained for all 4 participants, corresponding to a tracking rate of 100% (95% CI 39.8–100.0). Three of the 4 referred participants reported an intensification of their antihypertensive treatment.; Conclusion: Pharmacist-led ABPM in community pharmacies demonstrated operational feasibility regarding completion of valid recordings and post-referral tracking, although uptake requires improvement. Participant-reported treatment changes should be interpreted as exploratory signals, and larger implementation studies are warranted. 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/148136 Title: Pharmacists’ recommendations for fluid minimisation in critically ill patients Authors: Agius, Ruth; Vella Szijj, Janis; Azzopardi, Lilian M. Abstract: Background: Effective fluid management is essential to reduce the risk of fluid overload, which is associated with worse outcomes in critically ill patients. Intravenous fluids, including hidden fluids, are necessary and frequently used in the intensive care unit (ICU).1 Aim: To assess pharmacists’ interventions related to minimising hidden fluids for patients admitted to the ICU and evaluate the significance of these interventions in their ability to prevent potential adverse drug events (ADEs). Method: The research was conducted during three months in a mixed ICU of an acute general hospital, where clinical pharmacists participate in ward rounds as members of the multidisciplinary team. Recommendations made by pharmacists related to fluid minimisation were compiled. In collaboration with ICU physicians and nurses, the pharmacists suggested fluid minimisation interventions depending on clinical indication and the amount of hidden fluids being administered. The data was classified into the type of intervention, and was evaluated for potential prevention of an adverse drug event (ADE) by an expert panel of healthcare professionals. Results: Pharmacists intervened in minimising hidden fluids for 17 patients (10%) out of 164 patients admitted to the ICU over the three months. Fluid minimisation was required in patients with heart failure and pulmonary oedema, patients with severe renal impairment, patients with brain injury necessitating a neutral fluid balance, and patients with respiratory distress syndrome requiring a conservative fluid strategy to improve lung function, amongst others. Several interventions were recommended by pharmacists for each patient to reduce the total fluid intake, involving multiple medications. These included concentrating infusions when administering via a central venous catheter for all patients (n = 17), opting for a more fluid-restricted enteral feed (n = 5), and converting medications from intravenous to enteral route (n = 3). The recommendations successfully reduced fluid intake by 700 mL over 24 h for a patient with heart failure, and 820 mL over 24 h for a patient with a brain injury. The expert panel found these interventions had a medium probability (77%) or low probability (23%) of preventing a potential ADE. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of pharmaceutical recommendations in targeted fluid minimisation strategies. The pharmacists' interventions to reduce hidden fluid in specific critically ill patients helped mitigate fluid overload and prevent potential ADEs in this patient group. 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/148133 Title: Is there a link between what we eat and acne? Abstract: For generations, teenagers have been told by their parents to "lay off the chocolate" if they want clear skin. Dermatologists, on the other hand, often dismissed diet as having little or no role in acne, pointing instead to hormones and genetics. Today, however, research is turning that long-held view on its head. The food on our plates may indeed have more influence on our skin than we once thought. Acne vulgaris, the medical term for the condition, is the world's most common skin disorder. It affects about 9% of the global population and almost every teenager at some point during adolescence. For most, it's a passing nuisance, but for some, it becomes a persistent and emotionally draining condition. Severe acne can leave permanent scars, both physical and psychological. Understanding its triggers is therefore a matter not just of vanity, but of mental health and quality of life. [excerpt] 2026-07-01T00:00:00Z https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/148076 Title: Obesity rise plateaus in developed nations and accelerates in developing nations Authors: Zhou, Bin; Phelps, Nowell H.; Galeazzi, Agnese; O’Driscoll, Olivia N.; Bennett, James E.; Jain, Lakshya; D’Ailhaud De Brisis, Ysé; Barradas-Pires, Ana; Deo, Fulvio; Stevens, Gretchen A.; Kontis, Vasilis; Paciorek, Christopher J.; Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M.; Mishra, Anu; Fan, Yefeng; Rodriguez-Martinez, Andrea; Nath, Vishwa; Rayner, Archie W.; Zouein, Annalise; Evans, Natalie R.; Baker, Jennifer L.; Fink, Günther; Sorić, Maroje; Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A.; Anjana, Ranjit Mohan; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Bovet, Pascal; Danaei, Goodarz; Davletov, Kairat; Ganapathy, Shubash; Gregg, Edward W.; Ikeda, Nayu; Kengne, Andre Pascal; Khang, Young-Ho; Khunti, Kamlesh; Laatikainen, Tiina; Laxmaiah, Avula; Lim, Lee-Ling; Lin, Hsien-Ho; Mbanya, Jean Claude N.; Miranda, J. Jaime; Schienkiewitz, Anja; Sebert, Sylvain; Shrestha, Namuna; Song, Yi; Soto-Mota, Luis Adrián; Starc, Gregor; Wang, Limin; Younger-Coleman, Novie O.; Zaccardi, Francesco; Aarestrup, Julie; Abarca-Gómez, Leandra; Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen; Abdeen, Ziad A.; Abdrakhmanova, Shynar; Abdul Ghaffar, Suhaila; Abdul Rahim, Hanan F.; Abdurahmnova, Zulfiya; Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M.; Abubakar Garba, Jamila; Acosta-Cazares, Benjamin; Adam, Ishag; Adamczyk, Marzena; Adams, Robert J.; Adu-Afarwuah, Seth; Aekplakorn, Wichai; Afifah, Tin; Afsana, Kaosar; Afzal, Shoaib; Agdeppa, Imelda A.; Aghazadeh-Attari, Javad; Ågren, Åsa; Aguenaou, Hassan; Agyemang, Charles; Ahmad, Mohamad Hasnan; Ahmad, Noor Ani; Ahmadi, Ali; Ahmadi, Naser; Ahmadi, Nastaran; Ahmed, Imran; Ahmed, Soheir H.; Ahrens, Wolfgang; Aitmurzaeva, Gulmira; Ajlouni, Kamel; Akhmedova, Dilorom; Akhmedova, Nilufar; Al-Daghri, Nasser; Al-Hamli, Sarah F.; Al-Hazzaa, Hazzaa M.; Al-Hinai, Halima; Al-Lawati, Jawad A.; Al-Raddadi, Rajaa; Al-Shami, Islam K.; Al Asfoor, Deena; Al Hourani, Huda M.; Alarouj, Monira; AlBuhairan, Fadia; AlDhukair, Shahla; Aldwairji, Maryam A.; Alexius, Sílvia; Ali, Mohamed M.; Ali, Mohammed K.; Alias, Nazirah; Alieva, Anna V.; Alkandari, Abdullah; Alkhatib, Buthaina M.; Alvarez-Pedrerol, Mar; Aly, Eman; Amarapurkar, Deepak N.; Amiri, Parisa; Amoah, John; Amougou, Norbert; Amouyel, Philippe; Amouzegar, Atieh; Andersen, Lars Bo; Anderssen, Sigmund A.; Andersson, Jonas S.; Androutsos, Odysseas; Anne, Malick; Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza; Anufrieva, Elena; Aounallah-Skhiri, Hajer; Araújo, Joana; Ariansen, Inger; Arias López, Carmen; Aris, Tahir; Arku, Raphael E.; Arlappa, Nimmathota; Artero, Enrique G.; Aryal, Krishna K.; Aspelund, Thor; Assah, Felix K.; Assefa, Nega; Assembekov, Batyrbek; Assunção, Maria Cecília F.; Au Yeung, Shiu Lun; Au Yeung, Shiu Lun; Aung, May Soe; Avdičová, Mária; Azad, Kishwar; Azevedo, Ana; Azimi-Nezhad, Mohsen; Azizi, Fereidoun; Babu, Bontha V.; Bacopoulou, Flora; Baharudin, Azli; Bahijri, Suhad; Bajić, Borko; Bajramovic, Izet; Bakacs, Marta; Balakrishna, Nagalla; Balanova, Yulia; Bamoshmoosh, Mohamed; Banach, Maciej; Banegas, José R.; Baran, Joanna; Baran, Rafał; Barbagallo, Carlo M.; Barbosa Filho, Valter; Barcelo, Alberto; Baretić, Maja; Barkat, Amina; Barnoya, Joaquin; Barrera, Lena; Barreto, Marta; Barros, Aluisio J. D.; Bartosiewicz, Anna; Basiak-Rasała, Alicja; Basit, Abdul; Bastos, Joao Luiz D.; Bata, Iqbal; Batieha, Anwar M.; Batista, Aline P.; Batista, Rosangela L.; Battakova, Zhamilya; Bauer, Susanne; Baur, Louise A.; Bayauli, Pascal M.; Beaglehole, Robert; Bel-Serrat, Silvia; Belavendra, Antonisamy; Belavendra, Antonisamy; Beltran-Valls, María R.; Romdhane, Habiba Ben; Benedek, Theodora; Benedics, Judith; Benet, Mikhail; Benitez Rolandi, Gilda Estela; Benito, Pedro J.; Benzeval, Michaela; Bere, Elling; Berger, Nicolas; Bergh, Ingunn Holden; Berhane, Yemane; Berkinbayev, Salim; Bernabe-Ortiz, Antonio; Bernotiene, Gailute; Berrios Carrasola, Ximena; Berruezo, Paula; Bettiol, Heloísa; Beutel, Manfred E.; Beybey, Augustin F.; Bezerra, Jorge; Bhagyalaxmi, Aroor; Bharadwaj, Sumit; Bhargava, Santosh K.; Bi, Hongsheng; Bi, Yufang; Bia, Daniel; Biasch, Katia; Bika Lele, Elysée Claude; Bikbov, Mukharram M.; Bista, Bihungum; Bjelica, Dusko J.; Bjerregaard, Anne A.; Bjerregaard, Peter; Bjertness, Espen; Bjertness, Marius B.; Björkelund, Cecilia; Blauzde, Ieva; Blaychfeld Magnazi, Moran; Bloch, Katia V.; Blokstra, Anneke; Bo, Simona; Bobak, Martin; Boddy, Lynne M.; Boehm, Bernhard O.; Boggia, Jose G.; Bogova, Elena; Boissonnet, Carlos P.; Bojesen, Stig E.; Bonaccio, Marialaura; Bonanni, Americo; Bongard, Vanina; Bonilla-Vargas, Alice; Bopp, Matthias; Borghi, Elaine; Borghs, Herman; Botomba, Steve; Bourne, Rupert; Boymatova, Khadichamo; Bracone, Francesca; Braeckevelt, Lien; Braeckman, Lutgart; Bragt, Marjolijn C. E.; Braithwaite, Tasanee; Brajkovich, Imperia; Branca, Francesco; Breckenkamp, Juergen; Breda, João; Brenner, Hermann; Brewster, Lizzy M.; Brian, Garry R.; Briceño, Yajaira; Brîndușe, Lăcrămioara; Bringolf-Isler, Bettina; Brito, Miguel; Brophy, Sinead; Brug, Johannes; Bugge, Anna; Buoncristiano, Marta; Burazeri, Genc; Burns, Con; Cabrera de León, Antonio; Cacciottolo, Joseph M.; Cadenas-Sanchez, Cristina; Cai, Hui; Caixeta, Roberta B.; Cama, Tilema; Cameron, Christine; Camolas, José; Campa, Francesco; Can, Günay; Cândido, Ana Paula C.; Cañete, Felicia; Capanzana, Mario V.; Čapková, Naděžda; Capuano, Eduardo; Capuano, Rocco; Capuano, Vincenzo; Cardol, Marloes; Cardoso, Viviane C.; Carlsson, Axel C.; Carmuega, Esteban; Carvalho, Joana; Carvalho Malta, Deborah; Casajús, José A.; Casanueva, Felipe F.; Castro-Piñero, Jose; Celikcan, Ertugrul; Censi, Laura; Cerletti, Chiara; Cervantes‐Loaiza, Marvin; Cesar, Juraci A.; Chamnan, Parinya; Chamukuttan, Snehalatha; Chan, Angelique W.; Chan, Queenie; Charchar, Fadi J.; Charles, Marie-Aline; Chaturvedi, Himanshu K.; Chaturvedi, Nish; Che Abdul Rahim, Norsyamlina; Chen, Fangfang; Chen, Huashuai; Chen, Long-Sheng; Chen, Shuohua; Chen, Zhengming; Cheng, Ching-Yu; Cheng, Yiling J.; Cheraghi, Leila; Cheraghian, Bahman; Chetrit, Angela; Chikova-Iscener, Ekaterina; Chinapaw, Mai J. M.; Chiolero, Arnaud; Chirita-Emandi, Adela; Chirlaque, María-Dolores; Chong, Chean Lin; Christensen, Kaare; Christofaro, Diego G.; Chudek, Jerzy; Ciardullo, Silvia; Cifkova, Renata; Cilia, Michelle; Cinteza, Eliza; Cirillo, Massimo; Claessens, Frank; Clapperton, Maria; Clare, Philip; Clarke, Janine; Cociu, Svetlana; Cohen, Emmanuel; Colorado-Yohar, Sandra; Compañ-Gabucio, Laura-María; Concin, Hans; Confortin, Susana C.; Cooper, Cyrus; Coppinger, Tara C.; Cordeiro, Lorraine S.; Corpeleijn, Eva; Cortés, Lilia Yadira; Cosmin, Cojocaru R.; Costanzo, Simona; Cowan, Melanie J.; Cowell, Chris; Craig, Cora L.; Crampin, Amelia C.; Crookes, Haddy; Cross, Amanda J.; Crozier, Sarah; Crujeiras, Ana B.; Cruz, Juan J.; Csányi, Tamás; Csilla, Semánová; Cucu, Alexandra M.; Cui, Liufu; Cureau, Felipe V.; Cuschieri, Sarah; Czenczek-Lewandowska, Ewelina; D’Arrigo, Graziella; d’Orsi, Eleonora; da Silva-Ferreira, Haroldo; da Silva, Alanna G.; Dacica, Liliana; Dahiru, Tukur; Dahm, Christina C.; Dal Re Saavedra, María Ángeles; Dallongeville, Jean; Damasceno, Albertino; Damsgaard, Camilla T.; Daneshpour, Maryam S.; Dankner, Rachel; Dasgupta, Parasmani; Dastgiri, Saeed; Dauchet, Luc; de Almeida, Afonso; de Assis Guedes de Vasconcelos, Francisco; Altenburg de Assis, Maria Alice; De Backer, Guy; De Bacquer, Dirk; De Bacquer, Jaco; de Bont, Jeroen; De Filippis, Luigi G.; de Fragas Hinnig, Patrícia; De Henauw, Stefaan; De Miguel-Etayo, Pilar; De Neve, Jan-Walter; Duarte de Oliveira, Paula; De Regil, Luz Maria; De Ridder, David; De Ridder, Karin; de Rooij, Susanne R.; de Sá, Ana Carolina M. G. N.; De Smedt, Delphine; de Souza, Thomas V.; de Valois Correia Júnior, Marco A.; Dedoussis, George; Deepa, Mohan; Deev, Alexander D.; DeGennaro Jr, Vincent; Delpeuch, Francis; Demarest, Stefaan; Dennison, Elaine; Dereń, Katarzyna; Deschamps, Valérie; Devrishov, Ruslan D.; Dhimal, Meghnath; Dias-da-Costa, Juvenal Soares; Diaz, Alejandro; Diez-Canseco, Francisco; Dika, Zivka; Djalalinia, Shirin; Djordjic, Visnja; Do, Ha T. P.; Dobson, Annette J.; Dominguez, Liria; Donati, Maria Benedetta; Donfrancesco, Chiara; Dong, Guanghui; Dong, Li; Dong, Yanhui; Donoso, Silvana P.; Dorado-García, Cecilia; Döring, Angela; Dorobantu, Maria; Dorosty, Ahmad Reza; Dörr, Marcus; Dragano, Nico; Drygas, Wojciech; Du, Shufa; Duan, Jia Li; Duante, Charmaine A.; Duboz, Priscilla; Duishenkulova, Marina; Duleva, Vesselka L.; Dulskiene, Virginija; Dumith, Samuel C.; Dushpanova, Anar; Dwyer, Terence; Dyussupova, Azhar; Dzerve, Vilnis; Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, Elzbieta; Dzielska, Anna; Ebrahimi, Narges; Echeverría, Guadalupe; Eddie, Ricky; Eftekhar, Ebrahim; Efthymiou, Vasiliki; Egbagbe, Eruke E.; Eggertsen, Robert; Eghtesad, Sareh; Eiben, Gabriele; Ekelund, Ulf; El-Khateeb, Mohammad; El Ammari, Laila; El Ati, Jalila; Eldemire-Shearer, Denise; Elliott, Paul; Enang, Ofem; Endevelt, Ronit; Engle-Stone, Reina; Englund, Jonas; Erasmus, Rajiv T.; Erem, Cihangir; Ergor, Gul; Eriksen, Louise; Eriksson, Johan G.; Escobedo-de la Peña, Jorge; Esmaeili, Ali; España-Romero, Vanesa; Evans, Alun; Evans, Roger G.; Faeh, David; Fagherazzi, Guy; Fahimfar, Noushin; Fakhradiyev, Ildar; Fakhretdinova, Albina A.; Fall, Caroline H.; Faramarzi, Elnaz; Farjam, Mojtaba; Farrugia Sant’Angelo, Victoria; Farzi, Yosef; Fattahi, Mohammad Reza; Fawwad, Asher; Fawzi, Wafaie W.; Felder-Puig, Rosemarie; Felix-Redondo, Francisco J.; Ferguson, Trevor S.; Fernandes, Romulo A.; Fernández-Bergés, Daniel; Fernando, Desha R.; Ferrand, Rashida A.; Ferrante, Daniel; Ferrao, Thomas; Ferrari, Gerson; Ferrari, Marika; Ferrario, Marco M.; Ferreccio, Catterina; Ferrer, Eldridge; Ferrieres, Jean; Figueiró, Thamara Hubler; Fijalkowska, Anna; Fisberg, Mauro; Fischer, Krista; Fofana, Malang N.; Forsner, Maria; Fottrell, Edward F.; Fouad, Heba M.; Francis, Damian K.; Franco, Maria do Carmo; Fras, Zlatko; Fraser, Brooklyn; Frontera, Guillermo; Fuchs, Flavio D.; Fuchs, Sandra C.; Fujita, Yuki; Fumihiko, Matsuda; Furdela, Viktoriya; Furusawa, Takuro; Gaciong, Zbigniew; Gafarov, Lutfi; Gafencu, Mihai; Galcheva, Sonya V.; Galenkamp, Henrike; Galeone, Daniela; Galfo, Myriam; Galvano, Fabio; Gao, Jingli; Garabwan, Chandalene; García-Corada, Natalia; Garcia-de-la-Hera, Manoli; García Solano, Marta; Gareta, Dickman; Garnett, Sarah P.; Gaspoz, Jean-Michel; Gasull, Magda; Gauthier, Victoria; Gaya, Adroaldo Cesar Araujo; Gaya, Anelise Reis; Gazzinelli, Andrea; Gehring, Ulrike; Geleijnse, Johanna M.; George, Ronnie; Gerdts, Eva; Gezawa, Ibrahim D.; Ghaderi, Ebrahim; Ghamari, Seyyed-Hadi; Ghanbari, Ali; Ghasemi, Asghar; Ghasemi, Erfan; Ghattas, Hala; Gheorghe-Fronea, Oana-Florentina; Giampaoli, Simona; Gianfagna, Francesco; Gieger, Christian; Gill, Tiffany K.; Ginindza, Ntombifuthi; Giovannelli, Jonathan; Gironella, Glen; Giwercman, Aleksander; Gkiouras, Konstantinos; Glushkova, Natalya; Godara, Ramesh; Godfrey, Keith M.; Godos, Justyna; Gogen, Sibel; Goldberg, Marcel; Goltzman, David; Gómez, Georgina; Gomez, Luis F.; Gómez, Santiago F.; Gomula, Aleksandra; Gonçalves Cordeiro da Silva, Bruna; Gonçalves, Helen; Gonçalves, Mauer; González-Alvarez, Ana D.; Gonzalez-Chica, David A.; González-Gil, Esther M.; Gonzalez-Gross, Marcela; González-Leon, Margot; González-Rivas, Juan P.; Gonzalez, Angel R.; Gottrand, Frederic; Graça, Antonio Pedro; Grafnetter, Dušan; Grajda, Aneta; Grammatikopoulou, Maria G.; Grant, Andriene; Gregor, Ronald D.; Gregório, Maria João; Grimsgaard, Anne Sameline; Grøholt, Else Karin; Grøntved, Anders; Grosso, Giuseppe; Gu, Dongfeng; Guajardo, Viviana; Gualdi-Russo, Emanuela; Guallar-Castillón, Pilar; Gudmundsson, Elias F.; Gudnason, Vilmundur; Guerchet, Maëlenn; Guerrero, Ramiro; Guessous, Idris; Guimaraes, Andre L.; Gujral, Unjali P.; Gulliford, Martin C.; Gunnlaugsdottir, Johanna; Gunter, Marc J.; Guo, Xiu-Hua; Guo, Yin; Gupta, Prakash C.; Gupta, Preeti; Gupta, Rajeev; Gureje, Oye; Gurinović, Mirjana A.; Gutiérrez González, Enrique; Gutzwiller, Felix; Guxens, Mònica; Gwee, Xinyi; Ha, Seongjun; Hadaegh, Farzad; Hadjigeorgiou, Charalambos A.; Haghshenas, Rosa; Hagverdiyev, Gahraman; Hakimi, Hamid; Halkjær, Jytte; Hallaq, Sameh S.; Hambleton, Ian R.; Hamzeh, Behrooz; Hange, Dominique; Hanif, Abu A. M.; Hantunen, Sari; Hao, Jie; Hardman, Carla Menêses; Hardy, Louise; Harmer Lassen, Tina; Harooni, Javad; Hashemi-Shahri, Seyed Mohammad; Hasheminia, Mitra; Hassapidou, Maria; Hata, Jun; Haugsgjerd, Teresa; Hayashi, Chika; Hayes, Alison J.; He, Jiang; He, Yuan; He, Yuna; Hedayati, Mehdi; Heidinger-Felső, Regina; Heier, Margit; Heinen, Mirjam; Hejgaard, Tatjana; Hendriks, Marleen Elisabeth; Henrique, Rafael dos Santos; Henriques, Ana; Hernandez Cadena, Leticia; Herrala, Sauli; Herrera-Cuenca, Marianella; Herrera, Victor M.; Herter-Aeberli, Isabelle; Herzig, Karl-Heinz; Heshmat, Ramin; Heude, Barbara; Hill, Allan G.; Ho, Sai Yin; Hobbs, Michael; Höfelmann, Doroteia A.; Holdsworth, Michelle; Homayounfar, Reza; Homs, Clara; Hoogendijk, Emiel O.; Hopman, Wilma M.; Horimoto, Andrea R. V. R.; Hormiga, Claudia M.; Horta, Bernardo L.; Hosseinpanah, Farhad; Houti, Leila; Howitt, Christina; Htay, Thein Thein; Htet, Aung Soe; Htike, Maung Maung Than; Hu, Yonghua; Huerta, José María; Huhtaniemi, Ilpo Tapani; Huiart, Laetitia; Huidumac Petrescu, Constanta; Huisman, Martijn; Husseini, Abdullatif S.; Huu, Chinh Nguyen; Huybrechts, Inge; Hwalla, Nahla; Hyska, Jolanda; Iacoviello, Licia; Iakupova, Ellina M.; Ibarluzea, Jesús M.; Ibrahim Wong, Norazizah; Igland, Jannicke; Ijoma, Chinwuba; Ikerdeu, Edolem; Ikram, M. Arfan.; Iñiguez, Carmen; Iotova, Violeta; Ipil, Maybelline Joy B.; Irazola, Vilma E.; Ishida, Takafumi; Isiguzo, Godsent C.; Islam, Muhammad; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful; Islek, Duygu; Ivanova-Pandourska, Ivaila Y.; Iwasaki, Masanori; Jääskeläinen, Tuija; Jackson, Rod T.; Jacobs, Jeremy M.; Jadoul, Michel; Jafar, Tazeen H.; James, Kenneth; Jamrozik, Konrad; Jan, Nataša; Jansson, Anna; Janszky, Imre; Janus, Edward; Jarani, Juel; Jarnig, Gerald; Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta; Jasienska, Grazyna; Jelaković, Ana; Jelaković, Bojan; Jennings, Garry; Jibo, A. M.; Jimenez, Ramon O.; Jöckel, Karl-Heinz; Joffres, Michel; Jokelainen, Jari J.; Jonas, Jost B.; Jøran Kjerpeseth, Lars; Jørgensen, Torben; Joshi, Rohina; Josipović, Josipa; Joukar, Farahnaz; Jousilahti, Pekka; Jóźwiak, Jacek J.; Judge, Debra S.; Juolevi, Anne; Jurak, Gregor; Jurca Simina, Iulia; Juresa, Vesna; Kaaks, Rudolf; Kaartinen, Niina E.; Kaducu, Felix O.; Kadvan, Agnes L.; Kafatos, Anthony; Kafyra, Maria; Kaj, Mónika; Kajantie, Eero O.; Kakani, Sree Ramakrishna; Kakuhikire, Bernard; Kakutia, Natia; Kállayová, Daniela; Kalmatayeva, Zhanna; Kalpourtzi, Natasa; Kalter-Leibovici, Ofra; Kameli, Yves; Kanala, Kodanda R.; Kannan, Srinivasan; Kapantais, Efthymios; Kapustina, Anna; Karaglani, Eva; Kårhus, Line L.; Karki, Khem B.; Karlsson, Omat; Kassi Anicet, Adoubi; Katchunga, Philippe B.; Katibeh, Marzieh; Katulanda, Prasad; Katz, Joanne; Katzmarzyk, Peter T.; Kauhanen, Jussi; Kaur, Prabhdeep; Kavousi, Maryam; Kazakbaeva, Gyulli M.; Kaze, François F.; Kazembe, Benson M.; Ke, Calvin; Ke, Youzhi; Keil, Ulrich; Keinan Boker, Lital; Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, Sirkka M.; Kelishadi, Roya; Kelleher, Cecily; Kemper, Han C. G.; Keramati, Maryam; Kersting, Mathilde; Kgosiemang, Bobby; Khader, Yousef Saleh; Khalagi, Kazem; Khaledifar, Arsalan; Khalili, Davood; Kheiri, Bahareh; Kheradmand, Motahareh; Khorosheva, Irina V.; Khosravi Farsani, Alireza; Khouw, Ilse M. S. L.; Khwaja Mir Islam, Saeed; Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, Ursula; Kiechl, Stefan; Killewo, Japhet; Kim, Hyeon Chang; Kindblom, Jenny M.; Klakk, Heidi; Klanarong, Suntara; Klanova, Jana; Klimek, Magdalena; Klumbiene, Jurate; Knoflach, Michael; Kobel, Susanne; Kochman, Maciej; Koirala, Bhawesh; Koirala, Sweta; Kolle, Elin; Kolo, Sanda M.; Kolsteren, Patrick; König, Jürgen; Koponen, Päivikki; Korpelainen, Raija; Korrovits, Paul; Korzycka, Magdalena; Kos, Jelena; Koskinen, Seppo; Kouda, Katsuyasu; Koussoh Simone, Malik; Kovács, Éva; Kovacs, Viktoria Anna; Kovalskys, Irina; Kowlessur, Sudhir; Koziel, Slawomir; Kratenova, Jana; Kratzer, Wolfgang; Kriaucioniene, Vilma; Kriemler, Susi; Kristensen, Peter Lund; Krizan, Helena; Kroker-Lobos, Maria F.; Krokstad, Steinar; Kromhout, Daan; Kruger, Herculina S.; Kruger, Ruan; Kryst, Łukasz; Kubinova, Ruzena; Kuciene, Renata; Kujala, Urho M.; Kujundzic, Enisa; Kulaga, Zbigniew; Kulimbet, Mukhtar; Kulothungan, Vaitheeswaran; Kumapley, Richard; Kumar, R. Krishna; Kumari, Meena; Kunešová, Marie; Kusuma, Yadlapalli S.; Kutsenko, Vladimir; Kuulasmaa, Kari; Kyobutungi, Catherine; La, Quang Ngoc; Laamiri, Fatima Zahra; Labadarios, Demetre; Labayen, Idoia; Lachat, Carl; Lackner, Karl J.; Lahti, Jouni; Lai, Daphne; Lai, Wai Kent; Laid, Youcef; Lall, Lachmie; Lamoureux, Ecosse L.; Landaeta Jimenez, Maritza; Landais, Edwige; Langsted, Anne; Lankila, Tiina; Lanska, Vera; Lappas, Georg; Larijani, Bagher; Lateva, Mina P.; Latt, Tint Swe; Laurenzi, Martino; Lazo-Porras, María; Le Coroller, Gwenaëlle; Le Nguyen Bao, Khanh; Le Port, Agnès; Le, Tuyen D.; Lee, Jeannette; Lee, Paul H.; Lehtimäki, Terho; Lemogoum, Daniel; Leon, David A.; Leong, Elvynna; Lertxundi, Aitana; Lertxundi, Nerea; Leskošek, Branimir; Leszczak, Justyna; Leth-Møller, Katja B.; Leung, Gabriel M.; Levälahti, Esko; Levushkin, Sergey P.; Li, Yanping; Liivak, Merike; Lilly, Christa L.; Lim, Charlie; Lim, Wei-Yen; Lima-Costa, Maria Fernanda; Lin, Yi-Jing; Lind, Lars; Lingam, Vijaya; Linkohr, Birgit; Linneberg, Allan; Linseisen, Jakob; Lissner, Lauren; Litwin, Mieczyslaw; Liu, Jing; Liu, Lijuan; Liu, Liping; Liu, Xiaotian; Liu, Yang; Llop, Sabrina; Lo, Wei-Cheng; Loit, Helle-Mai; Lokubalasooriya, Ayesha; Long, Khuong Quynh; Lopes, Carla; Lopes, Luis; Lopes, Marcus V. V.; Lopes, Oscar; Lopez-Garcia, Esther; López-Gil, José Francisco; Lopez, Tania; Lotufo, Paulo A.; Lozano-Alonso, José-Eugenio; Lozano-Berges, Gabriel; Lukrafka, Janice L.; Luksiene, Dalia; Luna, María Delia; Lundqvist, Annamari; Lunet, Nuno; Lunogelo, Charles; Lustigová, Michala; Łuszczki, Edyta; M’Buyamba-Kabangu, Jean-René; Ma, Guansheng; Ma, Jun; Ma, Xu; Machado-Coelho, George L. L.; Machado-Rodrigues, Aristides M.; Macia, Enguerran; Macieira, Luisa M.; Madar, Ahmed A.; Madraisau, Sherilynn; Madsen, Anja L; Maestre, Gladys E.; Maggi, Stefania; Magliano, Dianna J.; Magriplis, Emmanuella; Mahasampath, Gowri; Maire, Bernard; Majer, Marjeta; Makdisse, Marcia; Mäki, Päivi; Malekpour, Mohammad-Reza; Malekzadeh, Fatemeh; Malekzadeh, Reza; Malhotra, Rahul; Malisoux, Laurent; Malyutina, Sofia K.; Maniego, Lynell V.; Manios, Yannis; Mann, Jim I.; Männistö, Satu; Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz; Manyanga, Taru; Manzato, Enzo; Mapatano, Mala Ali; Marcil, Anie; Mardones, Francisco; Margozzini, Paula; Mariño, Joany; Marinović Glavić, Mihaela; Markaki, Anastasia; Markey, Oonagh; Markic, Josko; Markidou Ioannidou, Eliza; Marques-Vidal, Pedro; Marques, Larissa Pruner; Marrugat, Jaume; Martens, Dries; Martin-Prevel, Yves; Martin, Rosemarie; Martinez-Tellez, Borja; Martínez-Vizcaíno, Vicente; Martorell, Reynaldo; Martos, Eva; Maruf, Fatai A.; Maruszczak, Katharina; Marventano, Stefano; Masala, Giovanna; Mascarenhas, Luis P.; Masimango Imani, Mannix; Masinaei, Masoud; Mathiesen, Ellisiv B.; Mathur, Prashant; Matijasevich, Alicia; Matłosz, Piotr; Matsha, Tandi E.; Matsudo, Victor; Matteo, Giletta; Maulik, Pallab K.; Mavrogianni, Christina; Mazur, Artur; Mba, Camille M.; McFarlane, Shelly R.; McGarvey, Stephen T.; McGee, Keeley; McKee, Martin; McLean, Rachael M.; McLean, Scott B.; McNulty, Breige A.; Mediene Benchekor, Sounnia; Medzioniene, Jurate; Mehlig, Kirsten; Mehra, Vrinda; Mehrparvar, Amir Houshang; Meisfjord, Jørgen; Meisinger, Christine; Melgarejo, Jesus D.; Melkumova, Marina; Mello, Júlio B.; Mendes, Sofia; Méndez, Fabián; Mendivil, Carlos O.; Menezes, Ana Maria B.; Menon, Geetha R.; Mensink, Gert B. M.; Menzano, Maria Teresa; Meshram, Indrapal I.; Meto, Diane T.; Meyer, Haakon E.; Mi, Jie; Michaelsen, Kim F.; Michels, Nathalie; Mikkel, Kairit; Milešević, Jelena P.; Miller, Jody C.; Milushkina, Olga; Minderico, Cláudia S.; Mini, G. K.; Miquel, Juan Francisco; Mirjalili, Mohammad Reza; Mirkopoulou, Daphne; Mirmiran, Parvin; Mirzaei, Masoud; Mišigoj-Duraković, Marjeta; Mistretta, Antonio; Mocanu, Veronica; Mocumbi, Ana; Modesti, Pietro A.; Modou, Jobe; Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi; Mohamed, Shukri F.; Mohammad, Kazem; Mohammadi, Mohammad Reza; Mohammadi, Zahra; Mohammadifard, Noushin; Mohan, Viswanathan; Mohd Sidik, Sherina; Mohd Yusoff, Muhammad Fadhli; Mohebbi, Iraj; Moliner Urdiales, Diego; Møllehave, Line T.; Molnár, Dénes; Momenan, Amirabbas; Mondo, Charles K.; Monge-Rojas, Rafael; Monroy-Valle, Michele M.; Montenegro Mendoza, Roger A.; Monterrubio-Flores, Eric; Monyeki, Kotsedi Daniel K.; Moon, Jin Soo; Moosazadeh, Mahmood; Mopa, Hermine T.; Moradpour, Farhad; Moreira, Leila B.; Morejon, Alain; Moreno, Luis A.; Morey, Francis; Morgan, Karen; Morin, Suzanne N.; Mortensen, Erik Lykke; Moschonis, George; Moslem, Alireza; Mosquera, Mildrey; Mossakowska, Malgorzata; Mostafa, Aya; Mostafavi, Seyed-Ali; Mota-Pinto, Anabela; Mota, Eugen; Mota, Jorge; Mota, Maria; Motlagh, Mohammad Esmaeel; Motta, Jorge; Moumakwa, Robert; Moura-dos-Santos, Marcos André; Movsesyan, Yeva; Mridha, Malay K.; Msyamboza, Kelias P.; Mtijasevich, Alicia; Mu, Thet Thet; Muc, Magdalena; Muca, Florian; Mugoša, Boban; Muiesan, Maria L.; Müller-Nurasyid, Martina; Munroe, Patricia B.; Muntaner-Mas, Adrià; Münzel, Thomas; Murphy, Molly M.; Murrin, Celine; Mursu, Jaakko; Murtagh, Elaine M.; Musa, Kamarul Imran; Milanović, Sanja Musić; Musil, Vera; Musinguzi, Geofrey; Muyer, Muel Telo M. C.; Nabipour, Iraj; Nagel, Gabriele; Najafi, Farid; Nakamura, Harunobu; Nalecz, Hanna; Námešná, Jana; Nang, Ei Ei K.; Nangia, Vinay B.; Nankap, Martin; Narake, Sameer; Narayan, K. M. Venkat; Nardone, Paola; Naseri, Take; Nawrot, Tim; Neal, William A.; Neelapaichit, Nareemarn; Nehme, Mayssam; Nejatizadeh, Azim; Nenko, Ilona; Neovius, Martin; Nervi, Flavio; Nesterova, Olena; Neupane, Dinesh; Ng, Tze Pin; Nguyen, Chung T.; Nguyen, Nguyen D.; Nguyen, Quang Ngoc; Ni, Michael Y.; Nicolescu, Rodica; Nie, Peng; Nieto-Martínez, Ramfis E.; Nikitin, Yury P.; Ning, Guang; Ninomiya, Toshiharu; Nishi, Nobuo; Nishtar, Sania; Noale, Marianna; Noboa, Oscar A.; Nogueira, Helena; Nordendahl, Maria; Nordestgaard, Børge G.; Norton, Kevin I.; Noto, Davide; Nowak-Szczepanska, Natalia; Al Nsour, Mohannad; Nuhoğlu, Irfan; Nurk, Eha; Nuwaha, Fred; Nyirenda, Moffat; O’Neill, Terence W.; O’Reilly, Dermot; Obreja, Galina; Ochimana, Caleb; Ochoa-Avilés, Angélica M.; Oda, Eiji; Odili, Augustine N.; Oh, Kyungwon; Ohara, Kumiko; Ohlsson, Claes; Ohtsuka, Ryutaro; Olafsson, Örn; Oldenburg, Brian; Olinto, Maria Teresa A.; Oliveira, Isabel O.; Omar, Mohd Azahadi; Omar, Saeed M.; Onat, Altan; Ong, Sok King; Onland-Moret, N. Charlotte; Ono, Lariane M.; Onodugo, Obinna; Ordunez, Pedro; Ornelas, Rui; Ortega, Francisco B.; Ana P. Ortiz, Ana P.; Ortiz, Pedro J.; Osler, Merete; Osmond, Clive; Ostojic, Sergej M.; Ostovar, Afshin; Otero, Johanna A.; Ottendahl, Charlotte B.; Otu, Akaninyene; Overvad, Kim; Owusu-Dabo, Ellis; Oyeyemi, Adetoyeje Y.; Oyeyemi, Adewale L.; Paccaud, Fred Michel; Padez, Cristina P.; Pagkalos, Ioannis; Pahimov, Marat; Pahomova, Elena; Paiva, Karina Mary de; Pająk, Andrzej; Pajula, Natalja; Palloni, Alberto; Palmieri, Luigi; Panagiotakos, Demosthenes; Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra; Pandey, Arvind; Pang, Zengchang; Panza, Francesco; Paoli, Antonio; Papadopoulou, Sousana K.; Papandreou, Dimitrios; Pareja, Rossina G.; Parikka, Suvi; Park, Soon-Woo; Park, Suyeon; Parnell, Winsome R.; Parsaeian, Mahboubeh; Pascanu, Ionela M.; Pasquet, Patrick; Patalen, Chona F.; Patanavanich, Roengrudee; Patel, Nikhil D.; Pattussi, Marcos; Pavlyshyn, Halyna; Pechlaner, Raimund; Pećin, Ivan; Pedersen, Dorthe C.; Pednekar, Mangesh S.; Pedro, João M.; Peinado, Ana B.; Peixoto, Sergio Viana; Pera, Guillem; Pereira, Alexandre C.; Peres, Marco A.; Perez-Farinos, Napoleon; Perez-Londoño, Agustín; Pérez, Cynthia M.; Perola, Markus; Peterkova, Valentina; Peters, Annette; Petkeviciene, Janina; Petrauskiene, Ausra; Petrovna Kovtun, Olga; Pettenuzzo, Emanuela; Peykari, Niloofar; Pfeiffer, Norbert; Pham, Son Thai; Phiri, Felix P.; Pichardo, Rafael N.; Pierre-Marie, Preux; Pigeot, Iris; Pikhart, Hynek; Pilav, Aida; Piler, Pavel; Pilotto, Lorenza; Pistelli, Francesco; Pitakaka, Freda; Piwonska, Aleksandra; Pizarro, Andreia N.; Plans-Rubió, Pedro; Platonova, Alina G.; Poh, Bee Koon; Pohlabeln, Hermann; Pop, Raluca M.; Popkin, Barry M.; Popovic, Stevo R.; Porta, Miquel; Posch, Georg; Poudyal, Anil; Poulimeneas, Dimitrios; Pouraram, Hamed; Pourfarzi, Farhad; Pourshams, Akram; Poustchi, Hossein; Prabhakaran, Dorairaj; Pradeepa, Rajendra; Prentice, Andrew; Price, Alison J.; Price, Jacqueline F.; Prista, Antonio; Providencia, Rui; Puder, Jardena J.; Pudule, Iveta; Puiu, Maria; Punab, Margus; Qadir, Muhammed S.; Qasrawi, Radwan F.; Qiao, Qing; Qorbani, Mostafa; Quialheiro, Anna; Quintana, Hedley K.; Quiroga-Padilla, Pedro J.; Quoc Bao, Tran; Rach, Stefan; Racu, Maria-Victoria; Radic, Ivana; Radisauskas, Ricardas; Rahimikazerooni, Salar; Rahman, Mahfuzar; Rahman, Mahmudur; Raitakari, Olli; Raj, Manu; Rajabov, Tamerlan; Rakhmatulloev, Sherali; Rakovac, Ivo; Rao, Sudha Ramachandra; Ramachandran, Ambady; Ramadan, Otim P. C.; Ramires, Virgílio V.; Ramirez-Zea, Manuel; Ramke, Jacqueline; Ramos, Elisabete; Ramos, Rafel; Rampal, Lekhraj; Rampal, Sanjay; Ramsay, Sheena E.; Rangel Junior, João F. L. B.; Rangelova, Lalka S.; Ranjani, Harish; Rannan-Eliya, Ravindra P.; Raposo, João F.; Rarau, Patricia; Rarra, Vayia; Rascon-Pacheco, Ramon A.; Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi; Rech, Cassiano Ricardo; Recuero Carretero, Cristina; Redon, Josep; Regecová, Valéria; Renner, Jane D. P.; Repasy, Judit A.; Reuter, Cézane P.; Revilla, Luis; Reynolds, Andrew; Rezaei, Negar; Rezaianzadeh, Abbas; Rho, Yeunsook; Ribas-Barba, Lourdes; Ribeiro, Robespierre; Ribeiro, Rogério T.; Riboli, Elio; Rigo, Fernando; Rigotti, Attilio; Riley, Leanne M.; Rinaldo, Natascia; Rinke de Wit, Tobias F.; Risérus, Ulf; Rito, Ana I.; Ritti-Dias, Raphael M.; Rivera, Juan A.; Roa, Reina G.; Roccaldo, Romana; Rodrigues, Daniela; Rodríguez-Artalejo, Fernando; Rodríguez-Pérez, Manuel A.; Rodriguez-Perez, María del Cristo; Rodríguez-Villamizar, Laura A.; Rodríguez, Andrea Y.; Roggenbuck, Ulla; Rohloff, Peter; Rohner, Fabian; Rojas-Martinez, Rosalba; Rojo-Martínez, Gemma; Rojroongwasinkul, Nipa; Rollán Gordo, Almudena; Romaguera, Dora; Romeo, Elisabetta L.; Rosa, Gil B.; Rosario, Rafaela V.; Rosengren, Annika; Rouse, Ian; Rouzier, Vanessa; Roy, Joel G. R.; Ruano Estrada, Maira; Ruano, Maira H.; Rubinstein, Adolfo; Rühli, Frank J.; Ruidavets, Jean-Bernard; Ruiz-Betancourt, Blanca Sandra; Ruiz-Castell, Maria; Ruiz Moreno, Emma; Rusakova, Iuliia A.; Rusek, Wojciech; Russell Jonsson, Kenisha; Russo, Paola; Rust, Petra; Rutkowski, Marcin; Sääksjärvi, Katri; Saamel, Marge; Saar, Crizian G.; Sabanayagam, Charumathi; Sabapathy, Kalpana; Sabbaghi, Hamideh; Sabico, Shaun; Sachdev, Harshpal S.; Sadjadi, Alireza; Safarpour, Ali Reza; Safi, Sare; Saghi, Mohammad Hossien; Saidi, Olfa; Saieva, Calogero; Sakata, Satoko; Saki, Nader; Šalaj, Sanja; Salanave, Benoit; Salazar Martinez, Eduardo; Salkhanova, Akkumis; Salmerón, Diego; Salomaa, Veikko; Salonen, Jukka T.; Samoutian, Margarita; Sánchez-Abanto, Jose; Sanchez-Delgado, Guillermo; Sánchez-López, Mairena; Sanchis-Moysi, Joaquin; Susana Sans, Sandjaja; Santa-Marina, Loreto; Santacruz Lezcano, Ethel; Santos, Diana A.; Santos, Ina S.; Santos, Lèlita C.; Santos, Maria Paula; Santos, Osvaldo; Santos, Palmira; Santos, Rute; Santos, Tamara R.; Saphonn, Vonthanak; Saramies, Jouko L; Sardinha, Luis B.; Sarrafzadegan, Nizal; Sato, Yoko; Saum, Kai-Uwe; Savin, Stefan; Savva, Savvas; Savy, Mathilde; Sawada, Norie; Sbaraini, Mariana; Scazufca, Marcia; Schaan, Beatriz D.; Schaffrath Rosario, Angelika; Schargrodsky, Herman; Schindler, Karin; Schmidt, Amand Floriaan; Schmidt, Börge; Schmidt, Carsten O.; Schneider, Andrea; Schnohr, Peter; Schooling, Catherine Mary; Schöttker, Ben; Schramm, Sara; Schröder, Helmut; Schultsz, Constance; Schultz, Gry; Schulze, Matthias B.; Schutte, Aletta E.; Sedaghattalab, Moslem; Selamat, Rusidah; Sen, Abhijit; Senbanjo, Idowu O.; Sepanlou, Sadaf G.; Sequera, Guillermo; Serra-Majem, Luis; Servais, Jennifer; Ševčíková, Ľudmila; Sewpaul, Ronel; Shalnova, Svetlana A.; Shamah-Levy, Teresa; Shamshirgaran, Seyed Morteza; Shander, Shubash; Shanthirani, Coimbatore Subramaniam; Sharafkhah, Maryam; Sharma, Sanjib K.; Sharman, Almaz; Shaw, Jonathan E.; Shayanrad, Amaneh; Shayesteh, Ali Akbar; Sheisheeva, Nurzhamal; Shen, Ching-Fen; Shengelia, Lela; Shibuya, Kenji; Shimizu-Furusawa, Hana; Shimony, Tal; Shina, Avi; Shkrobanets, Igor D.; Shoranov, Marat; Si-Ramlee, Khairil; Siani, Alfonso; Sibai, Abla M.; Sidossis, Labros S.; Siedner, Mark J.; Silitrari, Natalia; Silva, Antonio M.; Silva, Caroline Ramos de Moura; Silva, Diego Augusto Santos; Silva, Kelly Samara; Sim, Xueling; Simon, Mary; Simons, Judith; Simons, Leon A.; Simunovic, Ivan; Sjöberg, Agneta; Sjöström, Michael; Skoblina, Elena V.; Skoblina, Natalia A.; Slazhnyova, Tatyana; Slowikowska-Hilczer, Jolanta; Slusarczyk, Przemysław; Smeeth, Liam; Smith, Lee; So, Hung-Kwan; Soares, Fernanda Cunha; Sobek, Grzegorz; Sobngwi, Eugène; Sodemann, Morten; Söderberg, Stefan; Soekatri, Moesijanti Y. E.; Soemantri, Agustinus; Soler-Blasco, Raquel; Solfrizzi, Vincenzo; Solovieva, Yuliya V.; Somi, Mohammad Hossein; Sonestedt, Emily; Soofi, Sajid; Sørensen, Thorkild I. A.; Elin P. Sørgjerd, Elin P.; Soto-Rojas, Victoria E.; Soumaré, Aïcha; Sousa-Poza, Alfonso; Sousa-Uva, Mafalda; Sovatha, Mam; Sozańska, Agnieszka; Sparboe-Nilsen, Bente; Sparrenberger, Karen; Speckauskiene, Vita; Spencer, Phoebe R.; Spinelli, Angela; Spiroski, Igor; Staessen, Jan A.; Stamenova, Aleksandra; Stamm, Hanspeter; Stanciulescu, Laura; Stang, Andreas; Staub, Kaspar; Stavreski, Bill; Steene-Johannessen, Jostein; Stehle, Peter; Stein, Aryeh D.; Steinsbekk, Silje; Stergiou, George S.; Stessman, Jochanan; Stieber, Jutta; Stöckl, Doris; Stokwiszewski, Jakub; Stoś, Katarzyna; Stoyanova, Ekaterina; Stratton, Gareth; Stronks, Karien; Strufaldi, Maria Wany; Sturua, Lela; Suarez-Ortegón, Milton F.; Suebsamran, Phalakorn; Sugiyama, Mindy S.; Suka, Machi; Sulo, Gerhard; Sund, Malin; Sundström, Johan; Sung, Yn-Tz; Sunyer, Jordi; Suparmi; Surenjav, Unursaikhan; Suriyawongpaisal, Paibul; Susovits, Kitti; Sweis, Nabil William G.; Swinburn, Boyd A.; Sylva, René Charles; Syversen, Unni; Szponar, Lucjan; Tabara, Yasuharu; Tabone, Lorraine; Tai, E. Shyong; Tambalis, Konstantinos D.; Tammesoo, Mari-Liis; Tamosiunas, Abdonas; Tan, Eng Joo; Tanabayev, Baimakhan; Tandon, Nikhil; Tang, Xun; Tanrygulyyeva, Maya; Tanser, Frank; Tao, Yong; Tarawneh, Mohammed Rasoul; Tarp, Jakob; Tarqui-Mamani, Carolina B.; Taxová Braunerová, Radka; Taylor, Anne; Tchibindat, Félicité; Te Velde, Saskia; Tebar, William R.; Tehrani, Fahimeh R.; Tell, Grethe S.; Tello, Tania; Tessema, Masresha; Teufl, Lukas; Tham, Yih Chung; Thankappan, K. R.; Theobald, Holger; Theodoridis, Xenophon; Thirunavukkarasu, Sathish; Thomas, Nihal; Thorand, Barbara; Thrift, Amanda G.; Tichá, Ľubica; Timmermans, Erik J.; Tjandrarini, Dwi Hapsari; Tjonneland, Anne; Toçi, Ervin; Tohidi, Maryam; Tolonen, Hanna K.; Tolstrup, Janne S.; Tomaszewski, Maciej; Topbas, Murat; Topór-Mądry, Roman; Torán-Monserrat, Pere; Torheim, Liv Elin; Tornaritis, Michael J.; Torrent, Maties; Torres-Collado, Laura; Torres, Duarte; Torres, Silvia; Toselli, Stefania; Touloumi, Giota; Tovo-Rodrigues, Luciana; Traissac, Pierre; Tran, Thi Tuyet-Hanh; Tremblay, Mark S.; Triantafyllou, Areti; Trichopoulou, Antonia; Trinh, Oanh T. H.; Trišauskė, Justina; Trivedi, Atul; Tsai, Alexander C.; Tshepo, Lechaba; Tsiampalis, Thomas; Tsigga, Maria; Tsintavis, Panagiotis; Tsugane, Shoichiro; Tuitele, John; Tuliakova, Azaliia M.; Tulloch-Reid, Marshall K.; Tullu, Fikru; Tuomainen, Tomi-Pekka; Tuomilehto, Jaakko; Turley, Maria L.; Twig, Gilad; Tynelius, Per; Tzala, Evangelia; Tzotzas, Themistoklis; Tzourio, Christophe; Udoji, Nwannedimma; Ueda, Peter; Ugel, Eunice; Ukoli, Flora A. M.; Ulmer, Hanno; Unal, Belgin; Usupova, Zhamyila; Uusitalo, Hannu M. T.; Uysal, Nalan; Valdes, Sergio; Valdivia, Gonzalo; Vale, Susana; Valery, Popov I.; Valizadeh, Majid; Valvi, Damaskini; van Dam, Rob M.; van den Born, Bert-Jan; Van der Heyden, Johan; van der Schouw, Yvonne T.; Van Herck, Koen; Van Lippevelde, Wendy; Van Minh, Hoang; Van Schoor, Natasja M.; van Valkengoed, Irene G. M.; Vanderschueren, Dirk; Vanuzzo, Diego; Varbo, Anette; Varela-Moreiras, Gregorio; Vargas, Luz Nayibe; Vasan, Senthil K.; Vasques, Daniel G.; Vatasescu, Radu; Vega, Tomas; Veidebaum, Toomas; Velasquez-Melendez, Gustavo; Velika, Biruta; Velten, Michel; Verdot, Charlotte; Verloigne, Maïté; Veronesi, Giovanni; Verschuren, W. M. Monique; Vicente-Rodríguez, Germán; Victora, Cesar G.; Vidal-Conti, Josep; Viegi, Giovanni; Viet, Lucie; Vik, Frøydis N.; Vilar, Monica; Villalpando, Salvador; Villarroel, Luis; Vioque, Jesus; Viriyautsahakul, Napaphan; Virtanen, Jyrki K.; Visser, Marjolein; Viswanathan, Bharathi; Vithana, Chiranthika; Vladulescu, Mihaela; Vlasoff, Tiina; Vollenweider, Peter; Völzke, Henry; Vourli, Georgia; Voutilainen, Ari; Vrijheid, Martine; Vrijkotte, Tanja G. M.; Vuletić, Silvije; Wade, Alisha N.; Wakilongo, Wakenge; Waldhör, Thomas; Walton, Janette; Wambiya, Elvis O. A.; Wan Bebakar, Wan Mohamad; Wan Mohamud, Wan Nazaimoon; Wanderley Júnior, Rildo de Souza; Wang, Chongjian; Wang, Huijun; Wang, Ningli; Wang, Qian; Wang, Xiangjun; Wang, Ya Xing; Wang, Yi-Ren; Wannamethee, S. Goya; Wareham, Nicholas; Wartha, Olivia; Weber, Adelheid; Webster-Kerr, Karen; Wedderkopp, Niels; Weghuber, Daniel; Wei, Li; Wei, Wenbin; Weres, Aneta; Werner, Bo; Westbury, Leo D.; Whincup, Peter H.; Wichstrøm, Lars; Wickramasinghe, Kremlin; Widhalm, Kurt; Widyahening, Indah S.; Więcek, Andrzej; Wijemunige, Nilmini; Wild, Philipp S.; Wilks, Rainford J.; Willeit, Johann; Willeit, Karin; Willeit, Peter; Williams, Julianne; Wilsgaard, Tom; Wirth, James P.; Wiśniowska-Szurlej, Agnieszka; Wojtyniak, Bogdan; Woldeyohannes, Meseret; Wolf, Kathrin; Wong-McClure, Roy A.; Wong, Andrew; Wong, Emily B.; Wong, Jyh Eiin; Woodward, Mark; Woźniak, Agnieszka E.; Wu, Frederick C.; Wu, Hon-Yen; Wu, Jianfeng; Wu, Li Juan; Wu, Shouling; Wyszyńska, Justyna; Xu, Haiquan; Xu, Liang; Xue, Can Can; Yaacob, Nor Azwany; Yamborisut, Uruwan; Yan, Li; Yan, Lily D.; Yan, Weili; Yang, Ling; Yang, Xiaoguang; Yang, Yang; Yardim, Nazan; Yeh, Chao-Yu; Yépez García, Martha; Yiallouros, Panayiotis K.; Yngve, Agneta; Yogal, Chandra Mandil; Yoosefi, Moein; Yoshihara, Akihiro; Yotov, Yoto; You, Qi Sheng; Yu, Yu-Ling; Yu, Yunjiang; Yusof, Safiah Md; Yusoff, Ahmad Faudzi; Zaccagni, Luciana; Zafiropulos, Vassilis; Zainuddin, Ahmad A.; Zamani, Farhad; Zambon, Sabina; Zampelas, Antonis; Zamrazilová, Hana; Zapata, Maria Elisa; Zatoński, Tomasz; Zaw, Ko Ko; Zayed, Ayman A.; Zdrojewski, Tomasz; Żegleń, Magdalena; Zejglicova, Kristyna; Zeleke, Girum; Zeljkovic Vrkic, Tajana; Zeng, Yi; Zentai, Andrea; Zhang, Bing; Zhang, Luxia; Zhang, Zhen-Yu; Zhao, Dong; Zhao, Ming-Hui; Zhao, Wenhua; Zhecheva, Yanitsa V.; Zheng, Wei; Zholdin, Bekbolat; Zhou, Maigeng; Zhu, Dan; Zhukov, Oleg F.; Zollner-Kiechl, Sophia; Zimmet, Paul; Zins, Marie; Zitt, Emanuel; Zocalo, Yanina; Zuñiga Cisneros, Julio; Zuziak, Monika; Zuziak, Monika; Ezzati, Majid Abstract: Global reporting of obesity is commonly based on comparisons over multiple decades1 and lacks a granular and systematic analysis of its dynamics. We used 4,050 population-based studies with measured height and weight data on 232 million participants to assess the worldwide dynamics of obesity from 1980 to 2024. The rise in obesity decelerated in school-aged children and adolescents throughout the 1990s in many high-income countries, and subsequently plateaued in most at age-standardized prevalences spanning 20 percentage points, from 3–4% for girls in Japan, Denmark and France to 23% for boys in the USA. There were indications of a small decline in obesity in children and adolescents in some high-income western countries (for example, Italy, Portugal and France) since the 2000s. Similar trends were seen in some countries in Central and Eastern Europe. In adults, the rise in obesity slowed down in high-income western countries about a decade after children, followed by a plateau or possibly a small reversal of the rise in some countries (for example, Spain). In most low-income and middle-income countries, the annual absolute change in prevalence has remained stable or increased over time, even though prevalence has surpassed that of high-income countries. These highly varied dynamics suggest that the social, economic and technological trends that influence the availability, affordability and use of different foods may have helped control the rise in obesity in high-income countries, but require policy interventions in low-income and middle-income countries. 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z