https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/93840 2026-04-28T06:19:39Z https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/96357 Title: The valorization of the local fig tree : a morphometric and physicochemical study Abstract: The fig (Ficus carica) is one of the most important fruit species of the Mediterranean countries, and their fruits are sweet and have high quality of phytochemicals which can sustain human health. The morphological and physiochemical parameters of 21 Maltese local figs accessions and another 22 International figs accessions growing at the Gozo Experimental Farm (Xewkija) were investigated. The aim of this current research was to compare the locally-growing fig trees with those that have been already established scientifically. For the morphometric characteristics, the fruit length and weight ranges were higher in Maltese accessions, and fruit length to width ratio range was higher for the International accessions. With respect to leaf parameters, the petiole length, leaf width, leaf length, and mid-lobes of both Maltese and International accessions were similar except for sample J3 (petiole, width, and leaf lengths) which was significantly different from those of most of the other accessions (p<0.05) respectively. The proximate composition of fruits and leaves were determined by using of Near-Infrared Spectrophotometer. There was the absence of some of these parameters in particular fat and fibre in BKR, ZBG and F4 samples, and starch in the fruit of the BKR sample. In the case of the leaf proximate analysis for the Maltese accessions, ZTN showed the highest Ash and fibre contents whereas MSD exhibited the highest fat and starch contents. Dry matter and proteins were highest for GXQ. For the international accessions, H1 showed the highest values for both dry matter and proteins, whereas Q5 exhibited the lowest values except for fat and fibre. UV-Visible spectrophotometry was used for fruit and leaf samples. The fruits had a high % yellow as compared to % blue and % red, although some Maltese accessions exhibited a high degree of red colour. Additionally, the Maltese accessions showed high value ranges for colour intensity, flavonoid ratio (A520/A280), and a broader range of anthocyanin contents. The fruits of International accessions showed high value ranges for tint, lycopene, and carotenoid content. On the other hand, leaf extracts for both groups exhibited similar colour intensity, % red, % yellow, and % blue, flavonoid ratio (A520/A280), and total carotenoid content. The mean tint in leaves was higher in Maltese accessions, whereas the anthocyanin and lycopene contents were higher in International accessions. For total polyphenol content, the Folin-Ciocalteu test was used, showing similar patterns for the Maltese and International accessions. Also, between the leaf and fruit samples for each accession it was observed that there was no significant difference in the polyphenolic content. Four minerals, Ca, K, Mg, and Na were analysed using the Microwave Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrophotometer. For all four minerals the contents of leaves were higher than those of fruits for the same accession. Brix, Titratable Acidity and pH were analysed for fruit samples. The values of these three parameters for the International accessions were higher than those of the Maltese accessions. The data was further statistically analysed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). No discrimination between the characteristics of fig leaves provided potential varietal differences. Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering was used on the leaf parameters at a similarity level of 0.9458. It was revealed that some of the Maltese accessions are relatively distinctive from the rest. These include the BHR, MLH, MSK, PMB, SAF and SGW-A2. A more extensive AHC analysis with catalogued accessions, it was revealed that the Maltese accessions and the International accessions at the Gozo Experimental Farm coincided within the groups which contained the highest number of accessions from the Varietà antiche italiane catalogue. Two Maltese accessions were clustered in an independent group (C19), which included the MSK and SGW-A2 accessions. PCAs were performed for fruit nutritional value, fruit physicochemical and morphometric parameters. Dry matter correlated positively with ash, fat and fibre contents (r=0.593, 0.509, 0.510 and 0.585, respectively). The fibre contents (ADF and NDF) showed a highly positive correlation (r=0.925). As for the fruit physicochemical and morphometric PCA, the positive and negative correlations showed between parameters, the tint ratio correlated positively with the % yellow (r=0.934) but negatively with colour intensity, % red and anthocyanin content (r<-0.594), and the %red correlated positively with the colour intensity and anthocyanin content (r=0.570 and 0.809). On the other hand, fruit width correlated positively with the weight of the fruit (r=0.698) but negatively with the L:W ratio (r=-0.433). It was concluded from this study that both the morphometric and physicochemical analyses contributed towards the characterisation of fig tree accessions in terms of their fruit and leaves. Description: M.Sc.(Melit.) 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/96317 Title: Investigating characteristics and trends of young farmers in Malta Abstract: Agriculture in Malta has a multifunctional role which has undergone considerable changes over the past decades. Its workforce keeps decreasing and there are fewer young farmers in Malta when compared to the European average. This study aims to investigate current trends and characteristics of young farmers in Malta to better understand their situation and identify solutions to assist and encourage new entries into the sector. Data was obtained from a representative sample of 202 respondents. Statistical analysis demonstrates strong correlations between job status, meaning whether young farmers are registered as full-time or part-time farmers, or unregistered, with factors including gender, age, working hours per week, primary sectors, EU funding, and organisational affiliation. Other information obtained sheds light on young farmers’ education and training background, trading and marketing practices, social life, as well as perceived current challenges and opportunities. Description: M.Sc.(Melit.) 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/96311 Title: The status of Vespa Orientalis in Malta : a preliminary study Abstract: Recent years have seen a sharp rise in the population of Vespa orientalis Linnaeus, 1771 in the Maltese islands, generating great concern, especially, among the beekeeper community. This social insect belonging to the Vespidae family has long been considered a major predator to honey bees throughout the Mediterranean Basin. The primary objective of this study is to determine the status of Vespa orientalis in Malta with regard to distribution, abundance and seasonality. The study explores the relationship between these hornets and their surrounding environment as well as with various meteorological variables. Three methods of data collection were applied, namely; monitoring with baited traps, questionnaires and qualitative field observations. The study revealed that in 2019, the Vespa orientalis active season extended from the last week of April until the second week of November. The first to appear are the queens, followed by the worker hornets. Drones on the other hand were only observed late in the season. The hornet population was mostly concentrated around apiaries and urban areas situated in the Northern-Harbour, Southern-Harbour and South-Eastern districts. They were, however, scarce in the Northern and Western districts. Even within the same habitats as in the previously mentioned districts. There was no correlation between the number of honey bee colonies and the presence of hornets within the apiary sites. The study also revealed that during their active season, the presence of Vespa orientalis is not dependent on changes in meteorological variables. Description: M.Sc.(Melit.) 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/96303 Title: An overview of afforestation projects in Malta and a discussion on what the country could do to up its game and increase forested spaces Abstract: Less than 1% of Malta is covered by forests yet from palynological research carried out in Burmarrad it is evident that during the Holocene Malta had far more extensive forested land. Anthropological activity particularly agricultural, pastoral and building activities have denuded the landscape accelerating soil erosion and reducing the fertility of the top soil. Other Mediterranean countries ranging from Greece to Israel and from Tunisia to Italy (Sicily) have a similar legacy yet all these countries or regions have managed to retain and/or re-afforest significantly more forest land than Malta even though many of these countries suffered similar anthropological activity and fluctuations in aridity. To understand Malta’s failings in this field we reviewed the existing wooded areas in Malta and their existing footprint and canopy density and considered whether sufficient available public or private land could be identified as potential new forest sites. We estimated how many hectares would be required and how many trees would need to be planted to reach the forested land proportions of Ireland and/or the Netherlands who after Malta are the EU countries with the lowest proportion of forested land. We identified the land that is available for reforestation and how many millions of trees would need to be planted over a 7 year period to reach the goal of a country with 10% to 15% of forested land. We also drew up a number of proposed strategies that could be deployed by Government to incentivise and leverage authorities, local councils, NGO’s and nurseries to support this endeavour. Finally we identified that this afforestation strategy fits the EU Green strategy and could therefore be partially financed by these investment funds and if Government were to prioritise such an environmental project over a 10 to 15 year period it will be able to visibly change Malta. Description: Dip. Agric.(Melit.) 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z