https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/105934 Fri, 17 Apr 2026 06:06:27 GMT 2026-04-17T06:06:27Z https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/106199 Title: Female entrepreneurship rate in terms of geographical location Authors: Kopielska, Natalia; Małecka, Joanna Abstract: PURPOSE: The current state of the world's economies and the pursuit of sustainable development goals imply attempts to undertake considerations related both to the structure and ageing of the population, as well as to verify the importance of the degree of health and gender, which, as it turns out, has a significant impact on the economic activity of individual national nations, and even within them, of individual communities and, consequently, of the economic regions of individual countries. Hence, it is female gender, linked to a geographical coefficient, i.e., the region of economic activity, that is the focus of the considerations presented in this research.; DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: In order to realise the primary objective, secondary data were analysed by calculating the female entrepreneurship rate in Poland over 11 years (2010-2020) by region. The region of Wielkopolska was selected for further research, due to its significance and importance for the development of the country, in which own research was conducted on a sample of N=100 women running their own business.; FINDINGS: The own research identified several important determinants for the geo-economic development of Wielkopolska in the case of enterprises managed by women. The most important of these include the range of business activities, access to finance, its diversification depending on the development phase of the enterprise, and the number of people employed. The calculated coefficient of female entrepreneurship over a period of eleven years made it possible to determine the degree of economic development of the Wielkopolska region in comparison with other voivodships and indicated the main opportunities and threats in this area.; PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The identification of leading geo-econo- graphical regions makes it possible to identify gaps in the development of other parts of both the country and the geographical region with similar parameters to those studied.; ORIGINALITY: The self-reported research conducted among entrepreneurial women in Poland in the Greater Poland region made it possible to provide answers to two fundamental questions, what is the current state, and what are its determinants. Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/106199 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/106198 Title: Demographic and technological factors shaping the labour market in Poland on the threshold of the fourth industrial revolution Authors: Miczyńska-Kowalska, Maria Abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of this article is to identify and assess the main trends in the Polish labour market in the years 2008-2020 and to answer the question to what extent changes in the labour market are caused by technological and demographic factors.; DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The dynamic changes taking place in the contemporary labour market are related to demographic and technological factors. They cause a number of problems in the area of employment. The technological factors shaping Economy 4.0 give rise to fears about the human presence being eliminated from the labour market. The analysis is based on the data of the Central Statistical Office.; FINDINGS: The study indicates that demographic changes play a vital role in achieving priority objectives related to the growth of employment and its quality. It is a result of transformations in the number and structure of the Polish population. Furthermore, the study emphasises the importance of technological factors. Also, it pays attention to the structure of employment in particular sectors, as well as IT-related industries; it gives the number of employees by age and indicates their multi-generational character, and it mentions the alarming social process of ageing. The structure of employment is undergoing transformations due to the need for changes in qualifications and competencies.; PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The analysis makes it possible to conclude that the Polish labour market faces the prospect of shrinking labour resources, which is a great challenge for the economy, considering that most labour market indicators depend not only on changes in employment, but also on the supply of labour resources, i.e., changes in the number and structure of the population. Other crucial factors include the level and structure of education of employees, who should have knowledge and qualifications in the field of IT to work in Economy 4.0. In the manufacturing process, the risk of eliminating humans and replacing them with robots is increasing.; ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The current study is one of the first analysis of the emerging labour market in Poland on the threshold of the fourth industrial revolution. Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/106198 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/106197 Title: Intensity of commercial communication in Poland in the field of dietary supplements Authors: Hys, Katarzyna; Matuszek, Dominika Barbara; Olejnik, Krzysztof; Bierczyński, Karol Abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of the paper is to analyse and evaluate the frequency of commercial communications on health products and medicine with special consideration of dietary supplements.; DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The paper features a quantitative data analysis concerning the number of commercial communication aired in a single week in four Polish TV stations: TVP1, TVP 2, POLSAT, TVN on supplementary, health products and medicine, with special consideration of dietary supplements.; FINDINGS: The analysis allowed for the presentation of the frequency of commercial communications on the studied products. It was demonstrated that the intensity of commercial communications on dietary supplements is high, thereby translating into dynamic growth of the industry and its sales. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that there are many different dietary supplements and that their availability in the market is unlimited.; PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Commercial communications on dietary supplements in the vitamins and fortifying preparations category suggests that a substantial portion of consumers should supplement the deficiencies of ingredients from this group.; ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The aim of raising the issue is to provoke a discussion on the potential opportunities and threats concerning the intense promotion of dietary supplements and other supplementary products around the world. Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/106197 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/106196 Title: The impact of e-leadership effectiveness on turnover intentions of remote employees Authors: Oleksa-Marewska, Karolina; Tokar, Joanna Abstract: PURPOSE: The present article aims to analyze the relationship between e-leadership effectiveness and turnover intentions of employees working remotely, as well as to examine the mediating effect of relations with managers on that relationship.; DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: An empirical, quantitative study was conducted among a large sample of remote workers (N=3050) from five European countries (France, Spain, Poland, Netherlands, United Kingdom) and two North American (United States and Canada). To verify the hypotheses, stepwise multiple regression and mediation were conducted.; FINDINGS: Although all tested dimensions of e-leadership effectiveness (in terms of building involvement, consistency, adaptability, and mission, as well as in the areas of basic remote leader competencies: communicativeness, credibility, self-development and digital readiness) have a significant relationship with turnover intentions, the results of linear regression showed that only to a small degree the variance of turnover intentions is explained by the evaluation of remote competencies of leaders. However, the relationship with the supervisor significantly mediates the link between e-leadership effectiveness and turnover intentions.; PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The obtained results can be applied in the context of the selection and development of remote team leaders, as they indicate which competencies and behaviors are related to a lower turnover intentions. It is particularly important to take care of developing communicativeness and building trust and credibility, as well as encouraging leaders to improve their technological skills. In addition to developing competencies, it is particularly important to care for building relationships with remote employees, as their positive evaluation significantly mediates the willingness to leave the job.; ORIGINALITY/VALUE: This research significantly expands the literature on e-leadership, which is an emerging trend, as well as on turnover intentions of remote employees, which is of great importance in face of the “great resignation” economic trend of voluntarily quitting since the beginning of the pandemic. To the authors' knowledge, no studies have been published to date on the relationship between e-leadership effectiveness and turnover intentions of remote workers, nor has the mediating role of the relationship with superiors on that link been analyzed. Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/106196 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z