https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/754 Wed, 22 Jul 2026 04:37:37 GMT 2026-07-22T04:37:37Z https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/148076 Title: Obesity rise plateaus in developed nations and accelerates in developing nations Authors: Zhou, Bin; Phelps, Nowell H.; Galeazzi, Agnese; O’Driscoll, Olivia N.; Bennett, James E.; Jain, Lakshya; D’Ailhaud De Brisis, Ysé; Barradas-Pires, Ana; Deo, Fulvio; Stevens, Gretchen A.; Kontis, Vasilis; Paciorek, Christopher J.; Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M.; Mishra, Anu; Fan, Yefeng; Rodriguez-Martinez, Andrea; Nath, Vishwa; Rayner, Archie W.; Zouein, Annalise; Evans, Natalie R.; Baker, Jennifer L.; Fink, Günther; Sorić, Maroje; Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A.; Anjana, Ranjit Mohan; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Bovet, Pascal; Danaei, Goodarz; Davletov, Kairat; Ganapathy, Shubash; Gregg, Edward W.; Ikeda, Nayu; Kengne, Andre Pascal; Khang, Young-Ho; Khunti, Kamlesh; Laatikainen, Tiina; Laxmaiah, Avula; Lim, Lee-Ling; Lin, Hsien-Ho; Mbanya, Jean Claude N.; Miranda, J. Jaime; Schienkiewitz, Anja; Sebert, Sylvain; Shrestha, Namuna; Song, Yi; Soto-Mota, Luis Adrián; Starc, Gregor; Wang, Limin; Younger-Coleman, Novie O.; Zaccardi, Francesco; Aarestrup, Julie; Abarca-Gómez, Leandra; Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen; Abdeen, Ziad A.; Abdrakhmanova, Shynar; Abdul Ghaffar, Suhaila; Abdul Rahim, Hanan F.; Abdurahmnova, Zulfiya; Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M.; Abubakar Garba, Jamila; Acosta-Cazares, Benjamin; Adam, Ishag; Adamczyk, Marzena; Adams, Robert J.; Adu-Afarwuah, Seth; Aekplakorn, Wichai; Afifah, Tin; Afsana, Kaosar; Afzal, Shoaib; Agdeppa, Imelda A.; Aghazadeh-Attari, Javad; Ågren, Åsa; Aguenaou, Hassan; Agyemang, Charles; Ahmad, Mohamad Hasnan; Ahmad, Noor Ani; Ahmadi, Ali; Ahmadi, Naser; Ahmadi, Nastaran; Ahmed, Imran; Ahmed, Soheir H.; Ahrens, Wolfgang; Aitmurzaeva, Gulmira; Ajlouni, Kamel; Akhmedova, Dilorom; Akhmedova, Nilufar; Al-Daghri, Nasser; Al-Hamli, Sarah F.; Al-Hazzaa, Hazzaa M.; Al-Hinai, Halima; Al-Lawati, Jawad A.; Al-Raddadi, Rajaa; Al-Shami, Islam K.; Al Asfoor, Deena; Al Hourani, Huda M.; Alarouj, Monira; AlBuhairan, Fadia; AlDhukair, Shahla; Aldwairji, Maryam A.; Alexius, Sílvia; Ali, Mohamed M.; Ali, Mohammed K.; Alias, Nazirah; Alieva, Anna V.; Alkandari, Abdullah; Alkhatib, Buthaina M.; Alvarez-Pedrerol, Mar; Aly, Eman; Amarapurkar, Deepak N.; Amiri, Parisa; Amoah, John; Amougou, Norbert; Amouyel, Philippe; Amouzegar, Atieh; Andersen, Lars Bo; Anderssen, Sigmund A.; Andersson, Jonas S.; Androutsos, Odysseas; Anne, Malick; Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza; Anufrieva, Elena; Aounallah-Skhiri, Hajer; Araújo, Joana; Ariansen, Inger; Arias López, Carmen; Aris, Tahir; Arku, Raphael E.; Arlappa, Nimmathota; Artero, Enrique G.; Aryal, Krishna K.; Aspelund, Thor; Assah, Felix K.; Assefa, Nega; Assembekov, Batyrbek; Assunção, Maria Cecília F.; Au Yeung, Shiu Lun; Au Yeung, Shiu Lun; Aung, May Soe; Avdičová, Mária; Azad, Kishwar; Azevedo, Ana; Azimi-Nezhad, Mohsen; Azizi, Fereidoun; Babu, Bontha V.; Bacopoulou, Flora; Baharudin, Azli; Bahijri, Suhad; Bajić, Borko; Bajramovic, Izet; Bakacs, Marta; Balakrishna, Nagalla; Balanova, Yulia; Bamoshmoosh, Mohamed; Banach, Maciej; Banegas, José R.; Baran, Joanna; Baran, Rafał; Barbagallo, Carlo M.; Barbosa Filho, Valter; Barcelo, Alberto; Baretić, Maja; Barkat, Amina; Barnoya, Joaquin; Barrera, Lena; Barreto, Marta; Barros, Aluisio J. D.; Bartosiewicz, Anna; Basiak-Rasała, Alicja; Basit, Abdul; Bastos, Joao Luiz D.; Bata, Iqbal; Batieha, Anwar M.; Batista, Aline P.; Batista, Rosangela L.; Battakova, Zhamilya; Bauer, Susanne; Baur, Louise A.; Bayauli, Pascal M.; Beaglehole, Robert; Bel-Serrat, Silvia; Belavendra, Antonisamy; Belavendra, Antonisamy; Beltran-Valls, María R.; Romdhane, Habiba Ben; Benedek, Theodora; Benedics, Judith; Benet, Mikhail; Benitez Rolandi, Gilda Estela; Benito, Pedro J.; Benzeval, Michaela; Bere, Elling; Berger, Nicolas; Bergh, Ingunn Holden; Berhane, Yemane; Berkinbayev, Salim; Bernabe-Ortiz, Antonio; Bernotiene, Gailute; Berrios Carrasola, Ximena; Berruezo, Paula; Bettiol, Heloísa; Beutel, Manfred E.; Beybey, Augustin F.; Bezerra, Jorge; Bhagyalaxmi, Aroor; Bharadwaj, Sumit; Bhargava, Santosh K.; Bi, Hongsheng; Bi, Yufang; Bia, Daniel; Biasch, Katia; Bika Lele, Elysée Claude; Bikbov, Mukharram M.; Bista, Bihungum; Bjelica, Dusko J.; Bjerregaard, Anne A.; Bjerregaard, Peter; Bjertness, Espen; Bjertness, Marius B.; Björkelund, Cecilia; Blauzde, Ieva; Blaychfeld Magnazi, Moran; Bloch, Katia V.; Blokstra, Anneke; Bo, Simona; Bobak, Martin; Boddy, Lynne M.; Boehm, Bernhard O.; Boggia, Jose G.; Bogova, Elena; Boissonnet, Carlos P.; Bojesen, Stig E.; Bonaccio, Marialaura; Bonanni, Americo; Bongard, Vanina; Bonilla-Vargas, Alice; Bopp, Matthias; Borghi, Elaine; Borghs, Herman; Botomba, Steve; Bourne, Rupert; Boymatova, Khadichamo; Bracone, Francesca; Braeckevelt, Lien; Braeckman, Lutgart; Bragt, Marjolijn C. E.; Braithwaite, Tasanee; Brajkovich, Imperia; Branca, Francesco; Breckenkamp, Juergen; Breda, João; Brenner, Hermann; Brewster, Lizzy M.; Brian, Garry R.; Briceño, Yajaira; Brîndușe, Lăcrămioara; Bringolf-Isler, Bettina; Brito, Miguel; Brophy, Sinead; Brug, Johannes; Bugge, Anna; Buoncristiano, Marta; Burazeri, Genc; Burns, Con; Cabrera de León, Antonio; Cacciottolo, Joseph M.; Cadenas-Sanchez, Cristina; Cai, Hui; Caixeta, Roberta B.; Cama, Tilema; Cameron, Christine; Camolas, José; Campa, Francesco; Can, Günay; Cândido, Ana Paula C.; Cañete, Felicia; Capanzana, Mario V.; Čapková, Naděžda; Capuano, Eduardo; Capuano, Rocco; Capuano, Vincenzo; Cardol, Marloes; Cardoso, Viviane C.; Carlsson, Axel C.; Carmuega, Esteban; Carvalho, Joana; Carvalho Malta, Deborah; Casajús, José A.; Casanueva, Felipe F.; Castro-Piñero, Jose; Celikcan, Ertugrul; Censi, Laura; Cerletti, Chiara; Cervantes‐Loaiza, Marvin; Cesar, Juraci A.; Chamnan, Parinya; Chamukuttan, Snehalatha; Chan, Angelique W.; Chan, Queenie; Charchar, Fadi J.; Charles, Marie-Aline; Chaturvedi, Himanshu K.; Chaturvedi, Nish; Che Abdul Rahim, Norsyamlina; Chen, Fangfang; Chen, Huashuai; Chen, Long-Sheng; Chen, Shuohua; Chen, Zhengming; Cheng, Ching-Yu; Cheng, Yiling J.; Cheraghi, Leila; Cheraghian, Bahman; Chetrit, Angela; Chikova-Iscener, Ekaterina; Chinapaw, Mai J. M.; Chiolero, Arnaud; Chirita-Emandi, Adela; Chirlaque, María-Dolores; Chong, Chean Lin; Christensen, Kaare; Christofaro, Diego G.; Chudek, Jerzy; Ciardullo, Silvia; Cifkova, Renata; Cilia, Michelle; Cinteza, Eliza; Cirillo, Massimo; Claessens, Frank; Clapperton, Maria; Clare, Philip; Clarke, Janine; Cociu, Svetlana; Cohen, Emmanuel; Colorado-Yohar, Sandra; Compañ-Gabucio, Laura-María; Concin, Hans; Confortin, Susana C.; Cooper, Cyrus; Coppinger, Tara C.; Cordeiro, Lorraine S.; Corpeleijn, Eva; Cortés, Lilia Yadira; Cosmin, Cojocaru R.; Costanzo, Simona; Cowan, Melanie J.; Cowell, Chris; Craig, Cora L.; Crampin, Amelia C.; Crookes, Haddy; Cross, Amanda J.; Crozier, Sarah; Crujeiras, Ana B.; Cruz, Juan J.; Csányi, Tamás; Csilla, Semánová; Cucu, Alexandra M.; Cui, Liufu; Cureau, Felipe V.; Cuschieri, Sarah; Czenczek-Lewandowska, Ewelina; D’Arrigo, Graziella; d’Orsi, Eleonora; da Silva-Ferreira, Haroldo; da Silva, Alanna G.; Dacica, Liliana; Dahiru, Tukur; Dahm, Christina C.; Dal Re Saavedra, María Ángeles; Dallongeville, Jean; Damasceno, Albertino; Damsgaard, Camilla T.; Daneshpour, Maryam S.; Dankner, Rachel; Dasgupta, Parasmani; Dastgiri, Saeed; Dauchet, Luc; de Almeida, Afonso; de Assis Guedes de Vasconcelos, Francisco; Altenburg de Assis, Maria Alice; De Backer, Guy; De Bacquer, Dirk; De Bacquer, Jaco; de Bont, Jeroen; De Filippis, Luigi G.; de Fragas Hinnig, Patrícia; De Henauw, Stefaan; De Miguel-Etayo, Pilar; De Neve, Jan-Walter; Duarte de Oliveira, Paula; De Regil, Luz Maria; De Ridder, David; De Ridder, Karin; de Rooij, Susanne R.; de Sá, Ana Carolina M. G. N.; De Smedt, Delphine; de Souza, Thomas V.; de Valois Correia Júnior, Marco A.; Dedoussis, George; Deepa, Mohan; Deev, Alexander D.; DeGennaro Jr, Vincent; Delpeuch, Francis; Demarest, Stefaan; Dennison, Elaine; Dereń, Katarzyna; Deschamps, Valérie; Devrishov, Ruslan D.; Dhimal, Meghnath; Dias-da-Costa, Juvenal Soares; Diaz, Alejandro; Diez-Canseco, Francisco; Dika, Zivka; Djalalinia, Shirin; Djordjic, Visnja; Do, Ha T. P.; Dobson, Annette J.; Dominguez, Liria; Donati, Maria Benedetta; Donfrancesco, Chiara; Dong, Guanghui; Dong, Li; Dong, Yanhui; Donoso, Silvana P.; Dorado-García, Cecilia; Döring, Angela; Dorobantu, Maria; Dorosty, Ahmad Reza; Dörr, Marcus; Dragano, Nico; Drygas, Wojciech; Du, Shufa; Duan, Jia Li; Duante, Charmaine A.; Duboz, Priscilla; Duishenkulova, Marina; Duleva, Vesselka L.; Dulskiene, Virginija; Dumith, Samuel C.; Dushpanova, Anar; Dwyer, Terence; Dyussupova, Azhar; Dzerve, Vilnis; Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, Elzbieta; Dzielska, Anna; Ebrahimi, Narges; Echeverría, Guadalupe; Eddie, Ricky; Eftekhar, Ebrahim; Efthymiou, Vasiliki; Egbagbe, Eruke E.; Eggertsen, Robert; Eghtesad, Sareh; Eiben, Gabriele; Ekelund, Ulf; El-Khateeb, Mohammad; El Ammari, Laila; El Ati, Jalila; Eldemire-Shearer, Denise; Elliott, Paul; Enang, Ofem; Endevelt, Ronit; Engle-Stone, Reina; Englund, Jonas; Erasmus, Rajiv T.; Erem, Cihangir; Ergor, Gul; Eriksen, Louise; Eriksson, Johan G.; Escobedo-de la Peña, Jorge; Esmaeili, Ali; España-Romero, Vanesa; Evans, Alun; Evans, Roger G.; Faeh, David; Fagherazzi, Guy; Fahimfar, Noushin; Fakhradiyev, Ildar; Fakhretdinova, Albina A.; Fall, Caroline H.; Faramarzi, Elnaz; Farjam, Mojtaba; Farrugia Sant’Angelo, Victoria; Farzi, Yosef; Fattahi, Mohammad Reza; Fawwad, Asher; Fawzi, Wafaie W.; Felder-Puig, Rosemarie; Felix-Redondo, Francisco J.; Ferguson, Trevor S.; Fernandes, Romulo A.; Fernández-Bergés, Daniel; Fernando, Desha R.; Ferrand, Rashida A.; Ferrante, Daniel; Ferrao, Thomas; Ferrari, Gerson; Ferrari, Marika; Ferrario, Marco M.; Ferreccio, Catterina; Ferrer, Eldridge; Ferrieres, Jean; Figueiró, Thamara Hubler; Fijalkowska, Anna; Fisberg, Mauro; Fischer, Krista; Fofana, Malang N.; Forsner, Maria; Fottrell, Edward F.; Fouad, Heba M.; Francis, Damian K.; Franco, Maria do Carmo; Fras, Zlatko; Fraser, Brooklyn; Frontera, Guillermo; Fuchs, Flavio D.; Fuchs, Sandra C.; Fujita, Yuki; Fumihiko, Matsuda; Furdela, Viktoriya; Furusawa, Takuro; Gaciong, Zbigniew; Gafarov, Lutfi; Gafencu, Mihai; Galcheva, Sonya V.; Galenkamp, Henrike; Galeone, Daniela; Galfo, Myriam; Galvano, Fabio; Gao, Jingli; Garabwan, Chandalene; García-Corada, Natalia; Garcia-de-la-Hera, Manoli; García Solano, Marta; Gareta, Dickman; Garnett, Sarah P.; Gaspoz, Jean-Michel; Gasull, Magda; Gauthier, Victoria; Gaya, Adroaldo Cesar Araujo; Gaya, Anelise Reis; Gazzinelli, Andrea; Gehring, Ulrike; Geleijnse, Johanna M.; George, Ronnie; Gerdts, Eva; Gezawa, Ibrahim D.; Ghaderi, Ebrahim; Ghamari, Seyyed-Hadi; Ghanbari, Ali; Ghasemi, Asghar; Ghasemi, Erfan; Ghattas, Hala; Gheorghe-Fronea, Oana-Florentina; Giampaoli, Simona; Gianfagna, Francesco; Gieger, Christian; Gill, Tiffany K.; Ginindza, Ntombifuthi; Giovannelli, Jonathan; Gironella, Glen; Giwercman, Aleksander; Gkiouras, Konstantinos; Glushkova, Natalya; Godara, Ramesh; Godfrey, Keith M.; Godos, Justyna; Gogen, Sibel; Goldberg, Marcel; Goltzman, David; Gómez, Georgina; Gomez, Luis F.; Gómez, Santiago F.; Gomula, Aleksandra; Gonçalves Cordeiro da Silva, Bruna; Gonçalves, Helen; Gonçalves, Mauer; González-Alvarez, Ana D.; Gonzalez-Chica, David A.; González-Gil, Esther M.; Gonzalez-Gross, Marcela; González-Leon, Margot; González-Rivas, Juan P.; Gonzalez, Angel R.; Gottrand, Frederic; Graça, Antonio Pedro; Grafnetter, Dušan; Grajda, Aneta; Grammatikopoulou, Maria G.; Grant, Andriene; Gregor, Ronald D.; Gregório, Maria João; Grimsgaard, Anne Sameline; Grøholt, Else Karin; Grøntved, Anders; Grosso, Giuseppe; Gu, Dongfeng; Guajardo, Viviana; Gualdi-Russo, Emanuela; Guallar-Castillón, Pilar; Gudmundsson, Elias F.; Gudnason, Vilmundur; Guerchet, Maëlenn; Guerrero, Ramiro; Guessous, Idris; Guimaraes, Andre L.; Gujral, Unjali P.; Gulliford, Martin C.; Gunnlaugsdottir, Johanna; Gunter, Marc J.; Guo, Xiu-Hua; Guo, Yin; Gupta, Prakash C.; Gupta, Preeti; Gupta, Rajeev; Gureje, Oye; Gurinović, Mirjana A.; Gutiérrez González, Enrique; Gutzwiller, Felix; Guxens, Mònica; Gwee, Xinyi; Ha, Seongjun; Hadaegh, Farzad; Hadjigeorgiou, Charalambos A.; Haghshenas, Rosa; Hagverdiyev, Gahraman; Hakimi, Hamid; Halkjær, Jytte; Hallaq, Sameh S.; Hambleton, Ian R.; Hamzeh, Behrooz; Hange, Dominique; Hanif, Abu A. M.; Hantunen, Sari; Hao, Jie; Hardman, Carla Menêses; Hardy, Louise; Harmer Lassen, Tina; Harooni, Javad; Hashemi-Shahri, Seyed Mohammad; Hasheminia, Mitra; Hassapidou, Maria; Hata, Jun; Haugsgjerd, Teresa; Hayashi, Chika; Hayes, Alison J.; He, Jiang; He, Yuan; He, Yuna; Hedayati, Mehdi; Heidinger-Felső, Regina; Heier, Margit; Heinen, Mirjam; Hejgaard, Tatjana; Hendriks, Marleen Elisabeth; Henrique, Rafael dos Santos; Henriques, Ana; Hernandez Cadena, Leticia; Herrala, Sauli; Herrera-Cuenca, Marianella; Herrera, Victor M.; Herter-Aeberli, Isabelle; Herzig, Karl-Heinz; Heshmat, Ramin; Heude, Barbara; Hill, Allan G.; Ho, Sai Yin; Hobbs, Michael; Höfelmann, Doroteia A.; Holdsworth, Michelle; Homayounfar, Reza; Homs, Clara; Hoogendijk, Emiel O.; Hopman, Wilma M.; Horimoto, Andrea R. V. R.; Hormiga, Claudia M.; Horta, Bernardo L.; Hosseinpanah, Farhad; Houti, Leila; Howitt, Christina; Htay, Thein Thein; Htet, Aung Soe; Htike, Maung Maung Than; Hu, Yonghua; Huerta, José María; Huhtaniemi, Ilpo Tapani; Huiart, Laetitia; Huidumac Petrescu, Constanta; Huisman, Martijn; Husseini, Abdullatif S.; Huu, Chinh Nguyen; Huybrechts, Inge; Hwalla, Nahla; Hyska, Jolanda; Iacoviello, Licia; Iakupova, Ellina M.; Ibarluzea, Jesús M.; Ibrahim Wong, Norazizah; Igland, Jannicke; Ijoma, Chinwuba; Ikerdeu, Edolem; Ikram, M. Arfan.; Iñiguez, Carmen; Iotova, Violeta; Ipil, Maybelline Joy B.; Irazola, Vilma E.; Ishida, Takafumi; Isiguzo, Godsent C.; Islam, Muhammad; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful; Islek, Duygu; Ivanova-Pandourska, Ivaila Y.; Iwasaki, Masanori; Jääskeläinen, Tuija; Jackson, Rod T.; Jacobs, Jeremy M.; Jadoul, Michel; Jafar, Tazeen H.; James, Kenneth; Jamrozik, Konrad; Jan, Nataša; Jansson, Anna; Janszky, Imre; Janus, Edward; Jarani, Juel; Jarnig, Gerald; Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta; Jasienska, Grazyna; Jelaković, Ana; Jelaković, Bojan; Jennings, Garry; Jibo, A. M.; Jimenez, Ramon O.; Jöckel, Karl-Heinz; Joffres, Michel; Jokelainen, Jari J.; Jonas, Jost B.; Jøran Kjerpeseth, Lars; Jørgensen, Torben; Joshi, Rohina; Josipović, Josipa; Joukar, Farahnaz; Jousilahti, Pekka; Jóźwiak, Jacek J.; Judge, Debra S.; Juolevi, Anne; Jurak, Gregor; Jurca Simina, Iulia; Juresa, Vesna; Kaaks, Rudolf; Kaartinen, Niina E.; Kaducu, Felix O.; Kadvan, Agnes L.; Kafatos, Anthony; Kafyra, Maria; Kaj, Mónika; Kajantie, Eero O.; Kakani, Sree Ramakrishna; Kakuhikire, Bernard; Kakutia, Natia; Kállayová, Daniela; Kalmatayeva, Zhanna; Kalpourtzi, Natasa; Kalter-Leibovici, Ofra; Kameli, Yves; Kanala, Kodanda R.; Kannan, Srinivasan; Kapantais, Efthymios; Kapustina, Anna; Karaglani, Eva; Kårhus, Line L.; Karki, Khem B.; Karlsson, Omat; Kassi Anicet, Adoubi; Katchunga, Philippe B.; Katibeh, Marzieh; Katulanda, Prasad; Katz, Joanne; Katzmarzyk, Peter T.; Kauhanen, Jussi; Kaur, Prabhdeep; Kavousi, Maryam; Kazakbaeva, Gyulli M.; Kaze, François F.; Kazembe, Benson M.; Ke, Calvin; Ke, Youzhi; Keil, Ulrich; Keinan Boker, Lital; Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, Sirkka M.; Kelishadi, Roya; Kelleher, Cecily; Kemper, Han C. G.; Keramati, Maryam; Kersting, Mathilde; Kgosiemang, Bobby; Khader, Yousef Saleh; Khalagi, Kazem; Khaledifar, Arsalan; Khalili, Davood; Kheiri, Bahareh; Kheradmand, Motahareh; Khorosheva, Irina V.; Khosravi Farsani, Alireza; Khouw, Ilse M. S. L.; Khwaja Mir Islam, Saeed; Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, Ursula; Kiechl, Stefan; Killewo, Japhet; Kim, Hyeon Chang; Kindblom, Jenny M.; Klakk, Heidi; Klanarong, Suntara; Klanova, Jana; Klimek, Magdalena; Klumbiene, Jurate; Knoflach, Michael; Kobel, Susanne; Kochman, Maciej; Koirala, Bhawesh; Koirala, Sweta; Kolle, Elin; Kolo, Sanda M.; Kolsteren, Patrick; König, Jürgen; Koponen, Päivikki; Korpelainen, Raija; Korrovits, Paul; Korzycka, Magdalena; Kos, Jelena; Koskinen, Seppo; Kouda, Katsuyasu; Koussoh Simone, Malik; Kovács, Éva; Kovacs, Viktoria Anna; Kovalskys, Irina; Kowlessur, Sudhir; Koziel, Slawomir; Kratenova, Jana; Kratzer, Wolfgang; Kriaucioniene, Vilma; Kriemler, Susi; Kristensen, Peter Lund; Krizan, Helena; Kroker-Lobos, Maria F.; Krokstad, Steinar; Kromhout, Daan; Kruger, Herculina S.; Kruger, Ruan; Kryst, Łukasz; Kubinova, Ruzena; Kuciene, Renata; Kujala, Urho M.; Kujundzic, Enisa; Kulaga, Zbigniew; Kulimbet, Mukhtar; Kulothungan, Vaitheeswaran; Kumapley, Richard; Kumar, R. Krishna; Kumari, Meena; Kunešová, Marie; Kusuma, Yadlapalli S.; Kutsenko, Vladimir; Kuulasmaa, Kari; Kyobutungi, Catherine; La, Quang Ngoc; Laamiri, Fatima Zahra; Labadarios, Demetre; Labayen, Idoia; Lachat, Carl; Lackner, Karl J.; Lahti, Jouni; Lai, Daphne; Lai, Wai Kent; Laid, Youcef; Lall, Lachmie; Lamoureux, Ecosse L.; Landaeta Jimenez, Maritza; Landais, Edwige; Langsted, Anne; Lankila, Tiina; Lanska, Vera; Lappas, Georg; Larijani, Bagher; Lateva, Mina P.; Latt, Tint Swe; Laurenzi, Martino; Lazo-Porras, María; Le Coroller, Gwenaëlle; Le Nguyen Bao, Khanh; Le Port, Agnès; Le, Tuyen D.; Lee, Jeannette; Lee, Paul H.; Lehtimäki, Terho; Lemogoum, Daniel; Leon, David A.; Leong, Elvynna; Lertxundi, Aitana; Lertxundi, Nerea; Leskošek, Branimir; Leszczak, Justyna; Leth-Møller, Katja B.; Leung, Gabriel M.; Levälahti, Esko; Levushkin, Sergey P.; Li, Yanping; Liivak, Merike; Lilly, Christa L.; Lim, Charlie; Lim, Wei-Yen; Lima-Costa, Maria Fernanda; Lin, Yi-Jing; Lind, Lars; Lingam, Vijaya; Linkohr, Birgit; Linneberg, Allan; Linseisen, Jakob; Lissner, Lauren; Litwin, Mieczyslaw; Liu, Jing; Liu, Lijuan; Liu, Liping; Liu, Xiaotian; Liu, Yang; Llop, Sabrina; Lo, Wei-Cheng; Loit, Helle-Mai; Lokubalasooriya, Ayesha; Long, Khuong Quynh; Lopes, Carla; Lopes, Luis; Lopes, Marcus V. V.; Lopes, Oscar; Lopez-Garcia, Esther; López-Gil, José Francisco; Lopez, Tania; Lotufo, Paulo A.; Lozano-Alonso, José-Eugenio; Lozano-Berges, Gabriel; Lukrafka, Janice L.; Luksiene, Dalia; Luna, María Delia; Lundqvist, Annamari; Lunet, Nuno; Lunogelo, Charles; Lustigová, Michala; Łuszczki, Edyta; M’Buyamba-Kabangu, Jean-René; Ma, Guansheng; Ma, Jun; Ma, Xu; Machado-Coelho, George L. L.; Machado-Rodrigues, Aristides M.; Macia, Enguerran; Macieira, Luisa M.; Madar, Ahmed A.; Madraisau, Sherilynn; Madsen, Anja L; Maestre, Gladys E.; Maggi, Stefania; Magliano, Dianna J.; Magriplis, Emmanuella; Mahasampath, Gowri; Maire, Bernard; Majer, Marjeta; Makdisse, Marcia; Mäki, Päivi; Malekpour, Mohammad-Reza; Malekzadeh, Fatemeh; Malekzadeh, Reza; Malhotra, Rahul; Malisoux, Laurent; Malyutina, Sofia K.; Maniego, Lynell V.; Manios, Yannis; Mann, Jim I.; Männistö, Satu; Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz; Manyanga, Taru; Manzato, Enzo; Mapatano, Mala Ali; Marcil, Anie; Mardones, Francisco; Margozzini, Paula; Mariño, Joany; Marinović Glavić, Mihaela; Markaki, Anastasia; Markey, Oonagh; Markic, Josko; Markidou Ioannidou, Eliza; Marques-Vidal, Pedro; Marques, Larissa Pruner; Marrugat, Jaume; Martens, Dries; Martin-Prevel, Yves; Martin, Rosemarie; Martinez-Tellez, Borja; Martínez-Vizcaíno, Vicente; Martorell, Reynaldo; Martos, Eva; Maruf, Fatai A.; Maruszczak, Katharina; Marventano, Stefano; Masala, Giovanna; Mascarenhas, Luis P.; Masimango Imani, Mannix; Masinaei, Masoud; Mathiesen, Ellisiv B.; Mathur, Prashant; Matijasevich, Alicia; Matłosz, Piotr; Matsha, Tandi E.; Matsudo, Victor; Matteo, Giletta; Maulik, Pallab K.; Mavrogianni, Christina; Mazur, Artur; Mba, Camille M.; McFarlane, Shelly R.; McGarvey, Stephen T.; McGee, Keeley; McKee, Martin; McLean, Rachael M.; McLean, Scott B.; McNulty, Breige A.; Mediene Benchekor, Sounnia; Medzioniene, Jurate; Mehlig, Kirsten; Mehra, Vrinda; Mehrparvar, Amir Houshang; Meisfjord, Jørgen; Meisinger, Christine; Melgarejo, Jesus D.; Melkumova, Marina; Mello, Júlio B.; Mendes, Sofia; Méndez, Fabián; Mendivil, Carlos O.; Menezes, Ana Maria B.; Menon, Geetha R.; Mensink, Gert B. M.; Menzano, Maria Teresa; Meshram, Indrapal I.; Meto, Diane T.; Meyer, Haakon E.; Mi, Jie; Michaelsen, Kim F.; Michels, Nathalie; Mikkel, Kairit; Milešević, Jelena P.; Miller, Jody C.; Milushkina, Olga; Minderico, Cláudia S.; Mini, G. K.; Miquel, Juan Francisco; Mirjalili, Mohammad Reza; Mirkopoulou, Daphne; Mirmiran, Parvin; Mirzaei, Masoud; Mišigoj-Duraković, Marjeta; Mistretta, Antonio; Mocanu, Veronica; Mocumbi, Ana; Modesti, Pietro A.; Modou, Jobe; Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi; Mohamed, Shukri F.; Mohammad, Kazem; Mohammadi, Mohammad Reza; Mohammadi, Zahra; Mohammadifard, Noushin; Mohan, Viswanathan; Mohd Sidik, Sherina; Mohd Yusoff, Muhammad Fadhli; Mohebbi, Iraj; Moliner Urdiales, Diego; Møllehave, Line T.; Molnár, Dénes; Momenan, Amirabbas; Mondo, Charles K.; Monge-Rojas, Rafael; Monroy-Valle, Michele M.; Montenegro Mendoza, Roger A.; Monterrubio-Flores, Eric; Monyeki, Kotsedi Daniel K.; Moon, Jin Soo; Moosazadeh, Mahmood; Mopa, Hermine T.; Moradpour, Farhad; Moreira, Leila B.; Morejon, Alain; Moreno, Luis A.; Morey, Francis; Morgan, Karen; Morin, Suzanne N.; Mortensen, Erik Lykke; Moschonis, George; Moslem, Alireza; Mosquera, Mildrey; Mossakowska, Malgorzata; Mostafa, Aya; Mostafavi, Seyed-Ali; Mota-Pinto, Anabela; Mota, Eugen; Mota, Jorge; Mota, Maria; Motlagh, Mohammad Esmaeel; Motta, Jorge; Moumakwa, Robert; Moura-dos-Santos, Marcos André; Movsesyan, Yeva; Mridha, Malay K.; Msyamboza, Kelias P.; Mtijasevich, Alicia; Mu, Thet Thet; Muc, Magdalena; Muca, Florian; Mugoša, Boban; Muiesan, Maria L.; Müller-Nurasyid, Martina; Munroe, Patricia B.; Muntaner-Mas, Adrià; Münzel, Thomas; Murphy, Molly M.; Murrin, Celine; Mursu, Jaakko; Murtagh, Elaine M.; Musa, Kamarul Imran; Milanović, Sanja Musić; Musil, Vera; Musinguzi, Geofrey; Muyer, Muel Telo M. C.; Nabipour, Iraj; Nagel, Gabriele; Najafi, Farid; Nakamura, Harunobu; Nalecz, Hanna; Námešná, Jana; Nang, Ei Ei K.; Nangia, Vinay B.; Nankap, Martin; Narake, Sameer; Narayan, K. M. Venkat; Nardone, Paola; Naseri, Take; Nawrot, Tim; Neal, William A.; Neelapaichit, Nareemarn; Nehme, Mayssam; Nejatizadeh, Azim; Nenko, Ilona; Neovius, Martin; Nervi, Flavio; Nesterova, Olena; Neupane, Dinesh; Ng, Tze Pin; Nguyen, Chung T.; Nguyen, Nguyen D.; Nguyen, Quang Ngoc; Ni, Michael Y.; Nicolescu, Rodica; Nie, Peng; Nieto-Martínez, Ramfis E.; Nikitin, Yury P.; Ning, Guang; Ninomiya, Toshiharu; Nishi, Nobuo; Nishtar, Sania; Noale, Marianna; Noboa, Oscar A.; Nogueira, Helena; Nordendahl, Maria; Nordestgaard, Børge G.; Norton, Kevin I.; Noto, Davide; Nowak-Szczepanska, Natalia; Al Nsour, Mohannad; Nuhoğlu, Irfan; Nurk, Eha; Nuwaha, Fred; Nyirenda, Moffat; O’Neill, Terence W.; O’Reilly, Dermot; Obreja, Galina; Ochimana, Caleb; Ochoa-Avilés, Angélica M.; Oda, Eiji; Odili, Augustine N.; Oh, Kyungwon; Ohara, Kumiko; Ohlsson, Claes; Ohtsuka, Ryutaro; Olafsson, Örn; Oldenburg, Brian; Olinto, Maria Teresa A.; Oliveira, Isabel O.; Omar, Mohd Azahadi; Omar, Saeed M.; Onat, Altan; Ong, Sok King; Onland-Moret, N. Charlotte; Ono, Lariane M.; Onodugo, Obinna; Ordunez, Pedro; Ornelas, Rui; Ortega, Francisco B.; Ana P. Ortiz, Ana P.; Ortiz, Pedro J.; Osler, Merete; Osmond, Clive; Ostojic, Sergej M.; Ostovar, Afshin; Otero, Johanna A.; Ottendahl, Charlotte B.; Otu, Akaninyene; Overvad, Kim; Owusu-Dabo, Ellis; Oyeyemi, Adetoyeje Y.; Oyeyemi, Adewale L.; Paccaud, Fred Michel; Padez, Cristina P.; Pagkalos, Ioannis; Pahimov, Marat; Pahomova, Elena; Paiva, Karina Mary de; Pająk, Andrzej; Pajula, Natalja; Palloni, Alberto; Palmieri, Luigi; Panagiotakos, Demosthenes; Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra; Pandey, Arvind; Pang, Zengchang; Panza, Francesco; Paoli, Antonio; Papadopoulou, Sousana K.; Papandreou, Dimitrios; Pareja, Rossina G.; Parikka, Suvi; Park, Soon-Woo; Park, Suyeon; Parnell, Winsome R.; Parsaeian, Mahboubeh; Pascanu, Ionela M.; Pasquet, Patrick; Patalen, Chona F.; Patanavanich, Roengrudee; Patel, Nikhil D.; Pattussi, Marcos; Pavlyshyn, Halyna; Pechlaner, Raimund; Pećin, Ivan; Pedersen, Dorthe C.; Pednekar, Mangesh S.; Pedro, João M.; Peinado, Ana B.; Peixoto, Sergio Viana; Pera, Guillem; Pereira, Alexandre C.; Peres, Marco A.; Perez-Farinos, Napoleon; Perez-Londoño, Agustín; Pérez, Cynthia M.; Perola, Markus; Peterkova, Valentina; Peters, Annette; Petkeviciene, Janina; Petrauskiene, Ausra; Petrovna Kovtun, Olga; Pettenuzzo, Emanuela; Peykari, Niloofar; Pfeiffer, Norbert; Pham, Son Thai; Phiri, Felix P.; Pichardo, Rafael N.; Pierre-Marie, Preux; Pigeot, Iris; Pikhart, Hynek; Pilav, Aida; Piler, Pavel; Pilotto, Lorenza; Pistelli, Francesco; Pitakaka, Freda; Piwonska, Aleksandra; Pizarro, Andreia N.; Plans-Rubió, Pedro; Platonova, Alina G.; Poh, Bee Koon; Pohlabeln, Hermann; Pop, Raluca M.; Popkin, Barry M.; Popovic, Stevo R.; Porta, Miquel; Posch, Georg; Poudyal, Anil; Poulimeneas, Dimitrios; Pouraram, Hamed; Pourfarzi, Farhad; Pourshams, Akram; Poustchi, Hossein; Prabhakaran, Dorairaj; Pradeepa, Rajendra; Prentice, Andrew; Price, Alison J.; Price, Jacqueline F.; Prista, Antonio; Providencia, Rui; Puder, Jardena J.; Pudule, Iveta; Puiu, Maria; Punab, Margus; Qadir, Muhammed S.; Qasrawi, Radwan F.; Qiao, Qing; Qorbani, Mostafa; Quialheiro, Anna; Quintana, Hedley K.; Quiroga-Padilla, Pedro J.; Quoc Bao, Tran; Rach, Stefan; Racu, Maria-Victoria; Radic, Ivana; Radisauskas, Ricardas; Rahimikazerooni, Salar; Rahman, Mahfuzar; Rahman, Mahmudur; Raitakari, Olli; Raj, Manu; Rajabov, Tamerlan; Rakhmatulloev, Sherali; Rakovac, Ivo; Rao, Sudha Ramachandra; Ramachandran, Ambady; Ramadan, Otim P. C.; Ramires, Virgílio V.; Ramirez-Zea, Manuel; Ramke, Jacqueline; Ramos, Elisabete; Ramos, Rafel; Rampal, Lekhraj; Rampal, Sanjay; Ramsay, Sheena E.; Rangel Junior, João F. L. B.; Rangelova, Lalka S.; Ranjani, Harish; Rannan-Eliya, Ravindra P.; Raposo, João F.; Rarau, Patricia; Rarra, Vayia; Rascon-Pacheco, Ramon A.; Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi; Rech, Cassiano Ricardo; Recuero Carretero, Cristina; Redon, Josep; Regecová, Valéria; Renner, Jane D. P.; Repasy, Judit A.; Reuter, Cézane P.; Revilla, Luis; Reynolds, Andrew; Rezaei, Negar; Rezaianzadeh, Abbas; Rho, Yeunsook; Ribas-Barba, Lourdes; Ribeiro, Robespierre; Ribeiro, Rogério T.; Riboli, Elio; Rigo, Fernando; Rigotti, Attilio; Riley, Leanne M.; Rinaldo, Natascia; Rinke de Wit, Tobias F.; Risérus, Ulf; Rito, Ana I.; Ritti-Dias, Raphael M.; Rivera, Juan A.; Roa, Reina G.; Roccaldo, Romana; Rodrigues, Daniela; Rodríguez-Artalejo, Fernando; Rodríguez-Pérez, Manuel A.; Rodriguez-Perez, María del Cristo; Rodríguez-Villamizar, Laura A.; Rodríguez, Andrea Y.; Roggenbuck, Ulla; Rohloff, Peter; Rohner, Fabian; Rojas-Martinez, Rosalba; Rojo-Martínez, Gemma; Rojroongwasinkul, Nipa; Rollán Gordo, Almudena; Romaguera, Dora; Romeo, Elisabetta L.; Rosa, Gil B.; Rosario, Rafaela V.; Rosengren, Annika; Rouse, Ian; Rouzier, Vanessa; Roy, Joel G. R.; Ruano Estrada, Maira; Ruano, Maira H.; Rubinstein, Adolfo; Rühli, Frank J.; Ruidavets, Jean-Bernard; Ruiz-Betancourt, Blanca Sandra; Ruiz-Castell, Maria; Ruiz Moreno, Emma; Rusakova, Iuliia A.; Rusek, Wojciech; Russell Jonsson, Kenisha; Russo, Paola; Rust, Petra; Rutkowski, Marcin; Sääksjärvi, Katri; Saamel, Marge; Saar, Crizian G.; Sabanayagam, Charumathi; Sabapathy, Kalpana; Sabbaghi, Hamideh; Sabico, Shaun; Sachdev, Harshpal S.; Sadjadi, Alireza; Safarpour, Ali Reza; Safi, Sare; Saghi, Mohammad Hossien; Saidi, Olfa; Saieva, Calogero; Sakata, Satoko; Saki, Nader; Šalaj, Sanja; Salanave, Benoit; Salazar Martinez, Eduardo; Salkhanova, Akkumis; Salmerón, Diego; Salomaa, Veikko; Salonen, Jukka T.; Samoutian, Margarita; Sánchez-Abanto, Jose; Sanchez-Delgado, Guillermo; Sánchez-López, Mairena; Sanchis-Moysi, Joaquin; Susana Sans, Sandjaja; Santa-Marina, Loreto; Santacruz Lezcano, Ethel; Santos, Diana A.; Santos, Ina S.; Santos, Lèlita C.; Santos, Maria Paula; Santos, Osvaldo; Santos, Palmira; Santos, Rute; Santos, Tamara R.; Saphonn, Vonthanak; Saramies, Jouko L; Sardinha, Luis B.; Sarrafzadegan, Nizal; Sato, Yoko; Saum, Kai-Uwe; Savin, Stefan; Savva, Savvas; Savy, Mathilde; Sawada, Norie; Sbaraini, Mariana; Scazufca, Marcia; Schaan, Beatriz D.; Schaffrath Rosario, Angelika; Schargrodsky, Herman; Schindler, Karin; Schmidt, Amand Floriaan; Schmidt, Börge; Schmidt, Carsten O.; Schneider, Andrea; Schnohr, Peter; Schooling, Catherine Mary; Schöttker, Ben; Schramm, Sara; Schröder, Helmut; Schultsz, Constance; Schultz, Gry; Schulze, Matthias B.; Schutte, Aletta E.; Sedaghattalab, Moslem; Selamat, Rusidah; Sen, Abhijit; Senbanjo, Idowu O.; Sepanlou, Sadaf G.; Sequera, Guillermo; Serra-Majem, Luis; Servais, Jennifer; Ševčíková, Ľudmila; Sewpaul, Ronel; Shalnova, Svetlana A.; Shamah-Levy, Teresa; Shamshirgaran, Seyed Morteza; Shander, Shubash; Shanthirani, Coimbatore Subramaniam; Sharafkhah, Maryam; Sharma, Sanjib K.; Sharman, Almaz; Shaw, Jonathan E.; Shayanrad, Amaneh; Shayesteh, Ali Akbar; Sheisheeva, Nurzhamal; Shen, Ching-Fen; Shengelia, Lela; Shibuya, Kenji; Shimizu-Furusawa, Hana; Shimony, Tal; Shina, Avi; Shkrobanets, Igor D.; Shoranov, Marat; Si-Ramlee, Khairil; Siani, Alfonso; Sibai, Abla M.; Sidossis, Labros S.; Siedner, Mark J.; Silitrari, Natalia; Silva, Antonio M.; Silva, Caroline Ramos de Moura; Silva, Diego Augusto Santos; Silva, Kelly Samara; Sim, Xueling; Simon, Mary; Simons, Judith; Simons, Leon A.; Simunovic, Ivan; Sjöberg, Agneta; Sjöström, Michael; Skoblina, Elena V.; Skoblina, Natalia A.; Slazhnyova, Tatyana; Slowikowska-Hilczer, Jolanta; Slusarczyk, Przemysław; Smeeth, Liam; Smith, Lee; So, Hung-Kwan; Soares, Fernanda Cunha; Sobek, Grzegorz; Sobngwi, Eugène; Sodemann, Morten; Söderberg, Stefan; Soekatri, Moesijanti Y. E.; Soemantri, Agustinus; Soler-Blasco, Raquel; Solfrizzi, Vincenzo; Solovieva, Yuliya V.; Somi, Mohammad Hossein; Sonestedt, Emily; Soofi, Sajid; Sørensen, Thorkild I. A.; Elin P. Sørgjerd, Elin P.; Soto-Rojas, Victoria E.; Soumaré, Aïcha; Sousa-Poza, Alfonso; Sousa-Uva, Mafalda; Sovatha, Mam; Sozańska, Agnieszka; Sparboe-Nilsen, Bente; Sparrenberger, Karen; Speckauskiene, Vita; Spencer, Phoebe R.; Spinelli, Angela; Spiroski, Igor; Staessen, Jan A.; Stamenova, Aleksandra; Stamm, Hanspeter; Stanciulescu, Laura; Stang, Andreas; Staub, Kaspar; Stavreski, Bill; Steene-Johannessen, Jostein; Stehle, Peter; Stein, Aryeh D.; Steinsbekk, Silje; Stergiou, George S.; Stessman, Jochanan; Stieber, Jutta; Stöckl, Doris; Stokwiszewski, Jakub; Stoś, Katarzyna; Stoyanova, Ekaterina; Stratton, Gareth; Stronks, Karien; Strufaldi, Maria Wany; Sturua, Lela; Suarez-Ortegón, Milton F.; Suebsamran, Phalakorn; Sugiyama, Mindy S.; Suka, Machi; Sulo, Gerhard; Sund, Malin; Sundström, Johan; Sung, Yn-Tz; Sunyer, Jordi; Suparmi; Surenjav, Unursaikhan; Suriyawongpaisal, Paibul; Susovits, Kitti; Sweis, Nabil William G.; Swinburn, Boyd A.; Sylva, René Charles; Syversen, Unni; Szponar, Lucjan; Tabara, Yasuharu; Tabone, Lorraine; Tai, E. Shyong; Tambalis, Konstantinos D.; Tammesoo, Mari-Liis; Tamosiunas, Abdonas; Tan, Eng Joo; Tanabayev, Baimakhan; Tandon, Nikhil; Tang, Xun; Tanrygulyyeva, Maya; Tanser, Frank; Tao, Yong; Tarawneh, Mohammed Rasoul; Tarp, Jakob; Tarqui-Mamani, Carolina B.; Taxová Braunerová, Radka; Taylor, Anne; Tchibindat, Félicité; Te Velde, Saskia; Tebar, William R.; Tehrani, Fahimeh R.; Tell, Grethe S.; Tello, Tania; Tessema, Masresha; Teufl, Lukas; Tham, Yih Chung; Thankappan, K. R.; Theobald, Holger; Theodoridis, Xenophon; Thirunavukkarasu, Sathish; Thomas, Nihal; Thorand, Barbara; Thrift, Amanda G.; Tichá, Ľubica; Timmermans, Erik J.; Tjandrarini, Dwi Hapsari; Tjonneland, Anne; Toçi, Ervin; Tohidi, Maryam; Tolonen, Hanna K.; Tolstrup, Janne S.; Tomaszewski, Maciej; Topbas, Murat; Topór-Mądry, Roman; Torán-Monserrat, Pere; Torheim, Liv Elin; Tornaritis, Michael J.; Torrent, Maties; Torres-Collado, Laura; Torres, Duarte; Torres, Silvia; Toselli, Stefania; Touloumi, Giota; Tovo-Rodrigues, Luciana; Traissac, Pierre; Tran, Thi Tuyet-Hanh; Tremblay, Mark S.; Triantafyllou, Areti; Trichopoulou, Antonia; Trinh, Oanh T. H.; Trišauskė, Justina; Trivedi, Atul; Tsai, Alexander C.; Tshepo, Lechaba; Tsiampalis, Thomas; Tsigga, Maria; Tsintavis, Panagiotis; Tsugane, Shoichiro; Tuitele, John; Tuliakova, Azaliia M.; Tulloch-Reid, Marshall K.; Tullu, Fikru; Tuomainen, Tomi-Pekka; Tuomilehto, Jaakko; Turley, Maria L.; Twig, Gilad; Tynelius, Per; Tzala, Evangelia; Tzotzas, Themistoklis; Tzourio, Christophe; Udoji, Nwannedimma; Ueda, Peter; Ugel, Eunice; Ukoli, Flora A. M.; Ulmer, Hanno; Unal, Belgin; Usupova, Zhamyila; Uusitalo, Hannu M. T.; Uysal, Nalan; Valdes, Sergio; Valdivia, Gonzalo; Vale, Susana; Valery, Popov I.; Valizadeh, Majid; Valvi, Damaskini; van Dam, Rob M.; van den Born, Bert-Jan; Van der Heyden, Johan; van der Schouw, Yvonne T.; Van Herck, Koen; Van Lippevelde, Wendy; Van Minh, Hoang; Van Schoor, Natasja M.; van Valkengoed, Irene G. M.; Vanderschueren, Dirk; Vanuzzo, Diego; Varbo, Anette; Varela-Moreiras, Gregorio; Vargas, Luz Nayibe; Vasan, Senthil K.; Vasques, Daniel G.; Vatasescu, Radu; Vega, Tomas; Veidebaum, Toomas; Velasquez-Melendez, Gustavo; Velika, Biruta; Velten, Michel; Verdot, Charlotte; Verloigne, Maïté; Veronesi, Giovanni; Verschuren, W. M. Monique; Vicente-Rodríguez, Germán; Victora, Cesar G.; Vidal-Conti, Josep; Viegi, Giovanni; Viet, Lucie; Vik, Frøydis N.; Vilar, Monica; Villalpando, Salvador; Villarroel, Luis; Vioque, Jesus; Viriyautsahakul, Napaphan; Virtanen, Jyrki K.; Visser, Marjolein; Viswanathan, Bharathi; Vithana, Chiranthika; Vladulescu, Mihaela; Vlasoff, Tiina; Vollenweider, Peter; Völzke, Henry; Vourli, Georgia; Voutilainen, Ari; Vrijheid, Martine; Vrijkotte, Tanja G. M.; Vuletić, Silvije; Wade, Alisha N.; Wakilongo, Wakenge; Waldhör, Thomas; Walton, Janette; Wambiya, Elvis O. A.; Wan Bebakar, Wan Mohamad; Wan Mohamud, Wan Nazaimoon; Wanderley Júnior, Rildo de Souza; Wang, Chongjian; Wang, Huijun; Wang, Ningli; Wang, Qian; Wang, Xiangjun; Wang, Ya Xing; Wang, Yi-Ren; Wannamethee, S. Goya; Wareham, Nicholas; Wartha, Olivia; Weber, Adelheid; Webster-Kerr, Karen; Wedderkopp, Niels; Weghuber, Daniel; Wei, Li; Wei, Wenbin; Weres, Aneta; Werner, Bo; Westbury, Leo D.; Whincup, Peter H.; Wichstrøm, Lars; Wickramasinghe, Kremlin; Widhalm, Kurt; Widyahening, Indah S.; Więcek, Andrzej; Wijemunige, Nilmini; Wild, Philipp S.; Wilks, Rainford J.; Willeit, Johann; Willeit, Karin; Willeit, Peter; Williams, Julianne; Wilsgaard, Tom; Wirth, James P.; Wiśniowska-Szurlej, Agnieszka; Wojtyniak, Bogdan; Woldeyohannes, Meseret; Wolf, Kathrin; Wong-McClure, Roy A.; Wong, Andrew; Wong, Emily B.; Wong, Jyh Eiin; Woodward, Mark; Woźniak, Agnieszka E.; Wu, Frederick C.; Wu, Hon-Yen; Wu, Jianfeng; Wu, Li Juan; Wu, Shouling; Wyszyńska, Justyna; Xu, Haiquan; Xu, Liang; Xue, Can Can; Yaacob, Nor Azwany; Yamborisut, Uruwan; Yan, Li; Yan, Lily D.; Yan, Weili; Yang, Ling; Yang, Xiaoguang; Yang, Yang; Yardim, Nazan; Yeh, Chao-Yu; Yépez García, Martha; Yiallouros, Panayiotis K.; Yngve, Agneta; Yogal, Chandra Mandil; Yoosefi, Moein; Yoshihara, Akihiro; Yotov, Yoto; You, Qi Sheng; Yu, Yu-Ling; Yu, Yunjiang; Yusof, Safiah Md; Yusoff, Ahmad Faudzi; Zaccagni, Luciana; Zafiropulos, Vassilis; Zainuddin, Ahmad A.; Zamani, Farhad; Zambon, Sabina; Zampelas, Antonis; Zamrazilová, Hana; Zapata, Maria Elisa; Zatoński, Tomasz; Zaw, Ko Ko; Zayed, Ayman A.; Zdrojewski, Tomasz; Żegleń, Magdalena; Zejglicova, Kristyna; Zeleke, Girum; Zeljkovic Vrkic, Tajana; Zeng, Yi; Zentai, Andrea; Zhang, Bing; Zhang, Luxia; Zhang, Zhen-Yu; Zhao, Dong; Zhao, Ming-Hui; Zhao, Wenhua; Zhecheva, Yanitsa V.; Zheng, Wei; Zholdin, Bekbolat; Zhou, Maigeng; Zhu, Dan; Zhukov, Oleg F.; Zollner-Kiechl, Sophia; Zimmet, Paul; Zins, Marie; Zitt, Emanuel; Zocalo, Yanina; Zuñiga Cisneros, Julio; Zuziak, Monika; Zuziak, Monika; Ezzati, Majid Abstract: Global reporting of obesity is commonly based on comparisons over multiple decades1 and lacks a granular and systematic analysis of its dynamics. We used 4,050 population-based studies with measured height and weight data on 232 million participants to assess the worldwide dynamics of obesity from 1980 to 2024. The rise in obesity decelerated in school-aged children and adolescents throughout the 1990s in many high-income countries, and subsequently plateaued in most at age-standardized prevalences spanning 20 percentage points, from 3–4% for girls in Japan, Denmark and France to 23% for boys in the USA. There were indications of a small decline in obesity in children and adolescents in some high-income western countries (for example, Italy, Portugal and France) since the 2000s. Similar trends were seen in some countries in Central and Eastern Europe. In adults, the rise in obesity slowed down in high-income western countries about a decade after children, followed by a plateau or possibly a small reversal of the rise in some countries (for example, Spain). In most low-income and middle-income countries, the annual absolute change in prevalence has remained stable or increased over time, even though prevalence has surpassed that of high-income countries. These highly varied dynamics suggest that the social, economic and technological trends that influence the availability, affordability and use of different foods may have helped control the rise in obesity in high-income countries, but require policy interventions in low-income and middle-income countries. Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/148076 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/147711 Title: National and subnational analysis of self-reported diabetes mellitus and health inequalities in Europe Authors: Soares Andrade, Carlos Alexandre; Mahrouseh, Nour; Kovács, Nóra; Cuschieri, Sarah; Chen-Xu, José; Varga, Orsolya Abstract: Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been a major public health concern with increased epidemiologic and economic burden in Europe. We aimed to estimate self-reported national and subnational DM prevalence and inequalities in individuals aged 50 years and over in 13 European countries between 2010 and 2019. Microdata were extracted from waves 4 (2010/2011), 5 (2013), 6 (2015), 7 (2017/2018) and 8 (2019) of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) database. The analysis was conducted at both national and subnational levels, comprising 13 European countries. Health inequalities were assessed using the gini coefficient (GC) and concentration index (CI). Socioeconomic risk factors were included in the inequality analysis (urbanization, income, and educational level) in addition to multilevel regression model. The prevalence of DM decreased from 11% in wave 4 to 10.6% in wave 8, with the lowest recorded in Switzerland at 5.9% in wave 5 and the highest observed in Czechia at 16.7% in wave 8. DM prevalence varied widely subnationally, ranging from 2.1% in wave 8 Zentralschweiz (Switzerland) to 28.5% in wave 8 in Střední Čechy in Czechia. The GC demonstrated an increase from 21.9% (95% CI 17.0, 24.5) in wave 4 to 22.5% (95% CI 19.4,25.2) in wave 8, with Switzerland exhibiting the highest coefficient in wave 8 [30.1% (95% CI 7.9, 41.7)]. The CIs for income and educational level at national level were consistently low and mostly negative. The education and income CI ranged from [− 0.0182 (95% CI – 0.0242, − 0.0122) to − 0.0010 (95% CI − 0.0021, − 0.0001)] and [− 0.0278 (95% CI − 0.0411, −0.0166) to − 0.0018 (95% CI – 0.0032, – 0.0005)] across waves 4 and 8, respectively. The CI for urbanization displayed both negative and positive values, but most were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Inequalities exist in the self-reported prevalence of DM both nationally and subnationally, with elevated rates observed among individuals with lower educational and income levels. Addressing these significant health inequalities calls for the development of prevention programs and policies by the European countries and subnational regions, specifically tailored to prioritize and support vulnerable groups. Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/147711 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/147709 Title: Are future doctors ready for the post-pandemic obesity surge? A mixed-methods pilot study Authors: Sant, Desiree’; Cuschieri, Andrea; Cuschieri, Sarah Abstract: Obesity is a global epidemic, posing intricate health dilemmas with wide-reaching ramifications. Despite its rising prevalence, obesity often receives inadequate attention in medical training, which is hypothesized to influence obesity management. The study aimed to evaluate medical students’ readiness in addressing obesity, which is especially relevant in a country with significant high obesity rates. A cross-sectional pilot study was carried out by disseminating a mixed-methods anonymous questionnaire among pre-clinical and clinical students studying at the University of Malta. Quantitative data was analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistical analysis, while qualitative responses were subject to thematic assessment. One hundred and eighty-nine students were recruited, and the majority expressed dissatisfaction with curricular education on obesity, especially clinical students who reported a perceived lack of essential theoretical and practical skills (82.65%, 95% CI [73.69–89.56]). Less pre-clinical students perceived receiving sufficient education on obesity and obesity management students (33.3% and 43.33%, respectively) compared to their clinical counterparts (67.68% and 53.54% respectively), which highlights a potential curriculum gap. Qualitative analysis revealed discontent with teaching methods and demonstrated the need for a more holistic approach to obesity education. This study highlights an urgent need to integrate holistic and comprehensive obesity education within the medical education curriculum that addresses both theoretical understanding and practical skills. Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/147709 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/147706 Title: The plight of the Monaco microstate in the GBD 2023 study Authors: Wyper, Grant M. A.; Cuschieri, Sarah; Devleesschauwer, Brecht Abstract: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023, although invaluable for global health metrics, presents concerning estimates of life expectancy at birth for Monaco. Monaco is a microstate typically synonymous with world-leading levels of life expectancy at birth, with official sources, such as statistics from the Monaco Government and UN reports, consistently placing Monaco's life expectancy among the highest globally. The most recent estimate from the Monegasque Demography Observatory for 2022–24 places life expectancy at birth at 87·0 years; however, GBD estimates are substantially lower, at 80·4 years in 2023. This sizable discrepancy demands immediate attention. [excerpt] Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/147706 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z