Manipulated connectivity in island isolation : Maltese prehistoric stone tool technology and procurement strategies across the fourth and third millennia BC

Abstract

The prehistory of the Maltese Islands is known for its megalithic monuments dating to the fourth and third millennia BC, often emerging in debates surrounding the connectivity of islands. By focusing on the declining presence of obsidian over the Maltese Neolithic and the development of the “Temple” period, these islands are seen as an example of isolation and insularity. Instead, the ongoing analysis of lithic assemblages from Late Neolithic megalithic structures suggests a narrowed and manipulated connectivity between Malta and the outside world. Even in a setting of presumed isolation, prehistoric islanders reacted to declining obsidian by procuring flint from southeastern Sicily. Their use of imported flint was wasteful within the confines of the megalithic structures, suggesting a disinterest in the limited availability of this raw material and a control of its procurement by individuals in power. The connection between Malta and the outside world seems tied to the organization of the megalithic monuments, as reflected by their spatial connection to fertile plains and access to anchorage bays. In this setting of cultural isolation, lithics and their technology reflect specific social strategies, promising a richer understanding of islanders.