Menopause-related changes in the musculoskeletal system, cartilages and joints

Abstract

Osteoporosis and related fractures are a significant concern for the global community. As the population continues to age, morbidity and mortality from fractures due to osteoporosis will likely continue to increase. The menopause has been shown repeatedly to have a negative effect on the connective tissue in the bone matrix. Such an effect is prevented and in some cases reversed with oestrogen therapy. Studies show that oestrogen prevents osteoporosis partly by inhibiting bone resorption. Selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) act through oestrogen receptors and are agonists for bone and antagonists for breast and uterine tissue. A new approach to menopausal therapy is the tissue selective oestrogen complex or the pairing of a selective oestrogen receptor modulator with oestrogens. Novel bone-targeting oestradiol delivery systems have the potential to improve the safety profile of oestradiol in the treatment of osteoporosis.