Reimagining tourism development in Small Island Developing States : an integrated model for São Tomé and Príncipe

Abstract

This study examines tourism development in São Tomé and Príncipe (STP) within the wider context of Small Island Developing States (SIDS). Using an interpretivist and inductive approach, it combines a literature review with qualitative fieldwork, including interviews with public and private stakeholders, NGOs, and international experts as well as a focus group. The findings reveal two contrasting trajectories: a fragmented and informal model on São Tomé Island, and an externally driven but sustainability-oriented model on Príncipe Island. Both face significant constraints, including foreign exchange leakage, small market sizes, and weak domestic entrepreneurial and institutional capacity. To address these vulnerabilities, the study proposes the Integrated and Sustainable Development Model for STP (ISDM-STP), centered on a collaborative governance structure and supported by four strategic pillars: tourism, agriculture, the blue economy, and regional logistics. The model aims to enhance resilience, promote diversification, and reduce dependence on externally controlled tourism arrangements. The model may also serve as a transferable framework for other SIDS seeking more balanced and sustainable development pathways.