The impact of Brexit on Ireland and its place in the EU

Abstract

The United Kingdom's choice to exit the European Union (EU), known as Brexit, stands as one of the most pivotal geopolitical events of the 21st century. This event has had global implications, especially for the Republic of Ireland, an EU member state with deeply rooted historical, cultural, and socio-political ties to the UK. This study examines the multifaceted impacts of Brexit on Ireland, focusing on social, political, and economic contexts, and explores how Ireland is managing these consequences while maintaining its position within the EU. Initially, Ireland’s accession to the European Communities in 1973, alongside the UK and Denmark, marked a significant phase of European integration and cooperation. For Ireland, EU membership facilitated political and economic modernisation, particularly benefiting its primarily agricultural economy. Despite the UK’s decision to exit the Union, Ireland has continued to support the EU project, maintaining its image as a thriving and committed EU member state. Brexit has significantly affected Ireland, given its close economic and political ties with the UK. The re-emergence of a hard border within the island of Ireland and potential threats to the peace process established by the Good Friday Agreement were major concerns. The Agreement was signed in 1998, ended decades of conflict in Northern Ireland and was bolstered by the EU's single market, which eased border life and facilitated free movement between Ireland and Northern Ireland. The Northern Ireland Protocol, part of the Brexit withdrawal agreement, sought to avoid a hard border by keeping Northern Ireland aligned with certain EU regulations. However, this protocol has faced political resistance from unionists in Northern Ireland, who argue that it undermines their British identity. The Windsor Framework, introduced in 2023, aims to address these issues by facilitating smoother trade between Northern Ireland and the rest of the UK, while preserving the open border on the island of Ireland. Ireland's role within the EU has evolved post-Brexit, positioning it as a more influential player in shaping EU policies. Ireland has aligned itself with Nordic and Benelux countries, advocating for stability and growth within the EU. The country’s proactive approach in addressing the challenges posed by Brexit underscores its resilience and adaptability. Brexit has had profound and mixed impacts on Ireland, affecting its political, social, and economic landscapes. Ireland has responded strategically, leveraging its EU membership to mitigate negative effects and seize new opportunities. This study highlights the ongoing nature of Brexit's consequences and Ireland's efforts to secure its future within the EU, demonstrating its capacity to navigate the complexities of a changing geopolitical environment.