European microstates and political legitimacy beyond liberal-democratic constitutionalism

Abstract

This commentary challenges Veenendaal and Corbett’s assertion that Liechtenstein and Monaco are among the least democratic states in Western Europe. It argues that these European microstates exhibit democratic features that surpass those of several larger nations, highlighting their unique blend of traditional authority and democratic rights. The political systems of Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco and San Marino combine elements of feudalism, constitutional monarchy, and liberal democracy, complicating traditional analyses of legitimacy. Liechtenstein has recently experienced a rise in right-wing populism, which threatens its established political routines. Nevertheless, the principality’s mixed constitution and consensus-oriented governance have historically contributed to societal stability and prosperity. In the coming years, we will see whether the specific subgroup of European microstates reaffirms its old answer to the question of political legitimacy or is driven to find a new one.