Digital twin architectures for maritime microgrids : toward resilient and intelligent port operations

Abstract

The transition toward intelligent and sustainable port operations requires advanced tools to manage the complexity of maritime microgrids. These systems must enable real-time coordination between hybrid vessels and port-side infrastructure while adapting to variable renewable generation, uncertain berthing schedules, and mission-critical loads. This paper presents a focused review of digital twin (DT) technologies as a foundation for data-driven predictive control, diagnostics, and energy optimization in maritime environments. Key architectural elements are analyzed, including multi-source sensing, data modeling, forecasting, and secure communication. Representative DT applications such as cold ironing scheduling, DER coordination, propulsion monitoring, and AIS-based demand prediction are discussed. A unified framework is proposed to illustrate how a centralized Energy Management System (EMS) integrates port and shipboard DTs, enabling dynamic interaction, load forecasting, and synchronized control. The paper also identifies major challenges and research directions to support scalable, secure, and low-emission digital twin deployments for resilient port electrification.