Palestinian displacement in the West Bank and the European Union

Abstract

This dissertation examines the European Union’s (EU) role in addressing Palestinian displacements caused by Israeli settlement expansion in the West Bank, evaluating the effectiveness of its soft power strategies. Despite consistently condemning settlements as illegal under international law, the EU has failed to effectively hinder their growth. This study reveals a persistent gap between the EU’s rhetoric and its tangible impact, through a qualitative analysis of EU policy documents, legal frameworks, and aid interventions. The research initially assesses the EU’s diplomatic and economic measures used to curb settlements, but due to loopholes and enforcement gaps, the EU’s limited influence is highlighted. Furthermore, how EU aid, which is vital to ensure Palestinian food security, healthcare, and education, is systematically obstructed by Israel is analysed, perpetuating aid dependency rather than fostering self-sufficiency. Additionally, the EU's aid conditionality has reinforced authoritarian government in Palestine, especially after Hamas' 2006 election victory, further showing how EU support has aligned with Israeli security interests. The study concludes that the EU's reliance on soft power has been ineffective in addressing Israel's settlement activity. It urges a thorough reassessment of EU strategies, suggesting alternatives like targeted sanctions and enhanced partnerships with civil society organisations. The study emphasises the disconnect between the EU's principles and its real policy effects, adding to broader discussions about the limitations of soft power in asymmetrical conflicts.