Citizen participation in Maltese democracy in 2035 : a participatory foresight activity

Abstract

Democratic systems around the world are facing increasing levels of public mistrust and disengagement. In Malta, a small island State with a polarised two-party system, these challenges are further shaped by structural and cultural constraints. This study explores how Maltese citizens, social activists, and experts envision democratic participation in the year 2035 and it considers the role digital technologies might play in shaping that future. A qualitative research design was adopted, grounded in interpretivist and constructivist epistemologies. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with experts and through focus groups with citizens and social activists, guided by a participatory foresight framework. Thematic analysis identified three key themes, which informed the co-creation of future scenarios. The findings revealed: (1) a strong desire for electoral and cultural reform to enhance representation; (2) the importance of institutional change and civic education to support meaningful participation; and (3) the ambivalent role of digital technologies as both enablers and barriers. From these themes, three scenarios were developed: A New Dawn (a participatory, reform-driven future), The Downward Spiral (a trajectory of democratic decline), and The Narrow Escape (a middle-ground path of incremental change). This study offers practical insights for policymakers, educators, and civil society actors working to strengthen democratic engagement. It also contributes to academic discussions on participatory foresight and democratic innovation, particularly in small-state contexts.