Energy-efficient and nearly zero-energy single-family homes in Poland : design strategies and technologies

Abstract

This dissertation focuses on the design of detached single-family houses in Poland in accordance with the nearly zero-energy building (nZEB) standard. Its aim was to identify effective design strategies and technologies that enable achieving this standard, as well as to examine investors' attitudes towards energy-efficient solutions. The topic is discussed in the context of Poland’s climate, current legislations, and social challenges. A quantitative survey was conducted among current and prospective single-family homeowners, complemented by a review of literature and case studies. The findings confirm that reducing energy demand should be the priority. This includes careful site selection and optimal development, building orientation, compact form, effective insulation, and the elimination of thermal bridges. Active technologies such as heat recovery ventilation, heat pumps, or photovoltaic panels can help meet a house’s energy needs, but their effectiveness depends on the building's initial design decisions. The survey showed a general openness among homeowners to energy-efficient solutions, but also revealed main barriers such as financial constraints, difficulty in finding qualified professionals, and limited trust in specialists. The conclusion indicates that some passive strategies do not require additional financial outlays, while more expensive technologies are accepted by investors if the expected savings are clearly communicated. The largest group of respondents considered a 10-year payback period to be acceptable. The results show a strong potential for the development of nZEB housing in Poland and highlight the important role of architects in enabling informed and sustainable decision-making.