Addressing voltage regulation challenges in low voltage distribution networks with high renewable energy and electrical vehicles : a critical review

Abstract

Voltage regulation in low-voltage distribution networks (LVDNs) has become increasingly complex due to the growing penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) and electric vehicles (EVs). This integration challenges traditional grid operations, requiring innovative strategies to manage voltage profiles effectively. Modern voltage regulation approaches encompass diverse solutions, ranging from power management techniques, compensating devices at the substation level, flexible power electronics, to localized voltage regulators at the consumer’s location. A critical review of the evolution of these strategies, offering a structured classification and evaluation that links control methods to their spatial deployment within the grid is presented. By systematically analysing over 160 recent studies, the review highlights practical implementation challenges, economic considerations, and the contextual suitability of each approach. Future directions are also outlined, including hybrid solutions, as well as cost-effective implementations, predictive analytics, and adaptive control schemes. These findings aim to provide a comprehensive resource for researchers and practitioners, fostering the development of advanced voltage regulation solutions that support the transition toward sustainable energy systems.