Analysing Malta-Libya relations in the context of European Mediterranean policy between 2011–2022

Abstract

Malta's location as a southern European member state on the edge of the European Union has put it in close proximity to the 2011 so-called "Arab Spring" and the changes in the geopolitical landscape. Few people thought that the long-standing tyrant Muammar Gaddafi in Libya, Malta's friendly and close neighbour, would be overthrown as a result of the protests in North African states. Malta played a significant diplomatic role in Libya's ongoing fight for democracy and national unity under a number of different governing regimes. In light of regional European Mediterranean policy frameworks, the paper focuses on Malta's relations with Libya. The political discussions and, more especially, the management of irregular migration have influenced the two nations' relationship. In its diplomatic efforts to support Libya, Malta took the lead by convening a number of discussions between Libyan parties and regional and international organizations. The country's relations with its European allies and with Libyan authorities have been shaped by the 2015 migration crisis. Using desk research and a qualitative approach, this study analysed official papers from the UFM, the European Union and the Government of Malta to achieve this goal. These records were thoroughly examined in light of several books, scholarly publications, and articles that have been written about this subject. As a result of Malta’s supportive stance towards its southern neighbour, the two countries’ relations remained strong throughout the Libyan crises. The region's EU policies have demonstrated that the EU has adopted a more active stance in the area of migration as a result of the country's tiny size. Because of the lack of cohesion among member nations, this active approach has been seen as quite limited. This is demonstrated by Malta's practical measures, which include unilateral initiative and cooperation with Italy and the pan-European states. This study also demonstrates Malta’s assertiveness during European intergovernmental conferences, particularly during the EU-African Summit.