The evolution of assisted reproductive technology (ART) in relation to the Maltese embryo protection act

Abstract

This dissertation examines the evolution of Malta’s approach to Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART), tracing how this small, traditionally conservative state has navigated the ethical, legal and administrative challenges posed by biomedical innovation. Focusing on the Embryo Protection Act (EPA) of 2012 and its amendments in 2018 and 2022, the study explores the dynamic interplay between pro-life values, constitutional principles and societal change in shaping ART governance. Using a qualitative methodology based on semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders, the research identifies six central themes reflecting Malta’s cautious shift from restrictive policies to a more inclusive and technologically adaptive model. Nonetheless, ongoing challenges persist in infrastructure, policy coherence and equitable resource distribution. Comparative insights from France, Belgium, Italy and the UK further illuminate how small states can balance moral pluralism with global scientific trends and domestic constraints. The dissertation concludes with recommendations to enhance legal clarity, expand public healthcare entitlements, strengthen regulatory capacity and integrate ART within a broader strategy for demographic resilience. This policy-focused analysis offers valuable contributions to debates on the governance of reproductive methodologies and technologies, as well as the future design of an inclusive fertility policy in Malta and beyond.