Residential battery storage technologies : comparative review of lithium-ion chemistries, sodium-ion alternatives, and integration with photovoltaic systems

Abstract

The adoption of Residential Battery Energy Storage Systems combined with Photovoltaic technologies is increasing as households pursue energy independence, cost reduction, and improved grid resilience. This paper provides a comparative review of Lithium-ion and Sodium-ion batteries in residential Photovoltaic applications, focusing on electrochemical performance, degradation behavior, safety, and system integration. While Lithium-ion batteries are commonly used because of their high energy density and established supply chain, whereas sodium-ion batteries are attracting interest as a safer and more cost-effective option, particularly suited for operation in moderate temperature environments. The paper also examines system-level considerations, including inverter configurations, charge/discharge control, and safety mechanisms. Special attention is given to Emergency Power Supply functionality, which enables backup power during grid outages through intelligent system coordination. Standards and certification frameworks relevant to battery deployment are reviewed, highlighting regulatory challenges. The paper concludes by discussing future research in battery chemistry, system design, and policy support, highlighting the need for scalable, safe, and effective home-based energy storage systems.