Mapping butterfly distribution across the Maltese Islands for conservation

Abstract

In recent years butterfly populations within the Maltese Islands have changes. Post-independence economic prosperity and diversification of socio-economic interests, coupled with the mismanagement of land due to an overuse of pesticides, along with climatic forces have produced exacerbating pressures on local butterfly fauna. These pressures have altered butterfly numbers and distribution due to the microhabitat change that ensued. This research capitalises on a mixed methodology by comparing butterfly density and distribution between the 20th to the 21st century, as well as identifying the reasons underpinning these changes. Qualitative research was adopted to collect historical and background information expounding phenomena addressing butterfly populations throughout the decades. Further quantitative research was adopted to compare the population ratios of each species and also to map the density and distribution of each species relative to each decade. The research outcomes indicate that there has been a marked decline in both population numbers and distribution. This is particularly noted in the case of the Satyridae family, with the close extirpation of species such as the Maniola jurina hyperhispulla. The evolving scenario of an ever-diminishing natural environment suggests that conservation efforts need to be put to the forefront, to safeguard local butterfly fauna. Both active and passive strategies were considered in the set of recommendations- these being smallscale Prime Butterfly Areas and Butterfly Houses. The underlying objectives of such strategies are to help thwart imminent extirpations and safeguard pristine habitats.