The management of artificial reefs in Malta : maximising benefits

Abstract

Humankind and the ocean have been interwoven since prehistoric times, the ocean being a major natural source of nutrition for coastal communities. Since centuries, humans have known of the aggregation of fish under immersed or floating objects, and have been applying this knowledge in various forms. Over time these immersed objects were employed for purposes other than fishing, such as recreational diving, and on discovery of the positive impact of design modifications, these objects were also used for habitat protection as well as control of erosion. Such objects are nowadays generally referred to as Artificial Reefs (ARs), and are the focus of this study. The objectives of this study are to explore the use of existing Artificial Reefs (ARs) and possible ensuing conflicts between AR users, and to present recommendations for better management of existing ARs and planning of new ARs in the Maltese islands. The reviewed literature examined a number of debated issues, ranging from the definition and constituted material and design of ARs, to whether they either attract fish or specifically increase biomass production. International Conventions and national legislation addressing these issues have been integrated accordingly. Data was collected in this study from a series of questionnaires and interviews with various stakeholders. Different, although not necessarily conflicting, views were expressed. Many agreed on multiple and differing uses for ARs; confirmed some, but not particularly significant, user conflict; concurred to new ARs for production of biomass; and supported continuous monitoring and maintenance of ARs. Payment for use however remained a more contentious issue. Economic, social and environmental perspectives from both the literature review and the stakeholders' views were considered with the objective of providing a framework for maximising benefits from ARs, while promoting their sustainable use. As a result, a number of recommendations are presented at the end, targeting the adoption of an ecosystems approach to the management of existing ARs and the planning of new ones.