Military heritage : documentary attitudes towards pillboxes in Malta

Abstract

The construction of pillboxes in Malta began in earnest in 1938 as part of a comprehensive defence strategy, to counter the potential invasion by Italian forces who had recently invaded Abyssinia. Initially, the pillboxes were built in the vulnerable northern part of the island (Malta), but later they were scattered throughout the entire island. By the end of the war, it is estimated that around 200 pillboxes had been constructed. After the war, these structures underwent various fates, including demolition, abandonment, leasing, and occupation by squatters. This study aims to explore the national heritage value of pillboxes, highlighting how their preservation and conservation can enhance our understanding of these intriguing structures and provide unique opportunities for adaptive and sustainable reuse. The study will examine their architectural characteristics and evaluate public perception towards them. To conduct this research, an extensive review of relevant literature was undertaken. Additionally, three qualitative research studies were conducted. These included one-to-one interviews with an expert panel, an online survey utilizing image-based questionnaires to assess various pillboxes, and another online survey to gauge participants' perceptions and attitudes towards pillboxes as a heritage asset. Furthermore, an appraisal including non-invasive assessment, was carried out on several pillboxes in the Inwadar Park to evaluate the extent of material deterioration and the state of repair. This presents a critical component in view of their valorisation and management. Overall, it became evident that there is a notable lack of awareness regarding the value of pillboxes as an integral part of the local heritage. This lack of awareness can be attributed to the negative associations often linked with concrete structures and the limited information provided by the education system, which historically focused on specific periods of history. The main conclusion drawn from this research is the pressing need for increased education and information campaigns to raise awareness. Furthermore, it is essential to establish a comprehensive and sustainable management plan for the preservation of pillboxes, incorporating adaptive reuse strategies. This holistic approach will ensure the long-term safeguarding and appreciation of these significant historical assets.