Working with male victims of sexual abuse : understanding the phenomenon of underreporting

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine and comprehend the viewpoint of professionals on the occurrence of underreporting of male victims of sexual abuse. In order to accomplish this goal, the following objectives were formulated: The objectives of this study are: 1) to understand the occurrence of underreporting among male victims of sexual abuse, 2) to examine the factors that may deter male victims from reporting their experiences, taking into account professionals' perspectives, and 3) to investigate the barriers perceived by professionals that male victims face when reporting sexual abuse. The qualitative research strategy was the most effective method to address the study question. The data was gathered through a semi-structured interview guide designed to address the study issue. An exclusive, in-person, and comprehensive interview was conducted with six experts who were deliberately chosen due to their direct engagement with male victims of sexual abuse. The interviews were recorded in an audio format with the participants' consent, and proper authorisation was obtained for transcription purposes. Stringent compliance with ethical values was maintained. The theoretical frameworks of hegemonic masculinity and victim-blaming theories guided this research. Thematic analysis was utilised for both data collection and data analysis. The study emphasised the professionals' perspectives regarding male victims of sexual abuse. The study revealed three super-ordinate themes: "the unbreakable man," which challenged the belief that men cannot be sexually abused; "shattering the taboo," which explored societal perceptions and reactions towards male victims of sexual abuse; and "out of sight, out of mind," which emphasised the deficient availability of appropriate support settings for male victims and the necessity for new policies to address these shortcomings. Findings from this study demonstrated that several variables influence the disclosure of sexual abuse experienced by male victims. The early cultivation of a nurturing masculine culture affects men's perception of sexual abuse. Participants also noted that male victims of sexual abuse have a profound disruption to their sense of self as men, and they fear stigmatisation, such as homosexuality, if they report the abuse. Participants explained that in Malta, male victims have additional obstacles as they are often overlooked, and society tends to believe that men cannot be victims of sexual abuse. Thus, it is crucial that adequate training is provided to professionals specialising in assisting male victims. Findings further revealed how current services cater to both female and male victims of sexual abuse. However, they are insufficient, and there are no comprehensive shelters or support services that target only male victims. This study also highlighted the necessity of enhancing policies about male victims of sexual abuse. Introducing an NGO that exclusively focuses on male victims can significantly be beneficial to male victims by encouraging them to come forward and share their experiences. Due to the scarcity of research on this topic, further research in this area would be highly beneficial.