Knowledge, attitudes and practices of ergonomics among dental professionals in Malta

Abstract

Background: Dentistry is a profession that demands sustained precision and posture, often within confined working areas. These conditions predispose dental professionals to ergonomic strain, especially during procedures. Poor ergonomic practices are increasingly linked to the development of musculoskeletal pain, which can compromise career longevity and quality of life. Aim: To assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to ergonomics among dental professionals in Malta, and to examine how these factors influence the prevention and management of musculoskeletal pain in this population. Method: This study was conducted using a structured online questionnaire to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to ergonomics among dental professionals in Malta, and to examine the relationship with musculoskeletal pain. The survey targeted dentists, dental hygienists, and dental surgery assistants registered with the three main professional associations. The questionnaire, distributed via Google Forms, consisted of six sections: informed consent, demographics, ergonomic knowledge, attitudes, practical application, and experiences of work-related musculoskeletal pain. Data were collected anonymously and ethically, following approval from the University of Malta's Faculty Research Ethics Committee. Results: A total of 90 dental professionals participated (response rate: 28.5%), including dentists (45.6%), dental hygienists (23.3%), and dental assistants (31.1%). The majority were female (70%) and aged between 26–45 years. Musculoskeletal pain was highly prevalent, particularly in the neck (58.8%), shoulders (55.9%), and lower back (52.9%), with dental assistants reporting the highest levels of discomfort. A statistically significant difference was observed in total knowledge scores among professional groups (p = 0.020), with dental hygienists outperforming dental surgery assistants. A moderate positive correlation was found between knowledge and ergonomic practices (ρ = 0.327, p = 0.002), indicating that higher knowledge was associated with better ergonomic behaviour. Conclusion: This study highlights significant disparities in ergonomic knowledge and practices among dental professionals in Malta, with dental assistants being the most vulnerable to musculoskeletal pain due to limited training and workplace autonomy. While hygienists showed higher knowledge and dentists greater control, pain remained prevalent across all roles. A system-level response, through targeted education, supportive infrastructure, and policy reform is essential to move from ergonomic awareness to sustainable prevention.