Knowledge, perception and application of green practices in distribution

Abstract

The adoption of green practices in pharmaceutical distribution decreases the associated environmental impact. The aims of the study were to assess knowledge, perception and application of green practices within the local distribution sector and to evaluate challenges and enablers of the implementation of green practices among distributors and wholesale dealers. The research process was divided in two parts. In the first phase, a questionnaire was developed, validated and disseminated to all distributors and wholesale dealers in Malta and Gozo which are listed on the Malta Medicines Authority website. The questionnaire assessed participants’ knowledge, perception and application of green practices. Microsoft Excel® and IBM SPSS® were used to analyse the data. A gap analysis was carried out on the data obtained from the questionnaire. In phase two, the gaps identified were discussed in a focus group discussion with four stakeholders from the distribution sector. A thematic analysis was conducted to determine challenges and enablers in the implementation of green practices. Seventy-three participants answered the questionnaire. Forty-seven participants heard the term green practices in pharmaceutical distribution mostly from the internet (n=27). Green practices currently being implemented included efficient storage (n=48), making warehouses more energy efficient (n=43), optimising delivery routes (n=43) and using the first-in, first-out mechanism (n=43). The predominant fuel source for transportation vehicles was diesel (n=49), followed by petrol (n=16), with minimal adoption of electric vehicles (n=3). Participants agreed (n=48) and strongly agreed (n=19), that the company should educate workers about green practices. The thematic analysis identified three barriers, these included prioritisation of other factors over sustainability, cost and time constraints. Whilst the enablers for the gaps identified were incentivisation of sustainable practices, education and collaboration. The data gathered highlights the urgent need for education and increased awareness about green practices. This can be done by transitioning to a greener transportation fleet, adopting recyclable or renewable packaging, improving energy efficiency and by raising awareness of the damage pharmaceutical distribution is doing to the environment. Implementing such measures is important to assure the safety, quality and efficacy of drugs whilst minimizing the adverse effects on the environment.