The paradox of balancing the domains of sustainable development : fostering a sense of well-being in the Maltese Islands

Abstract

The concepts of sustainable development, well-being, and liveability are frequently presented as universal and unambiguous goals. However, they are highly contested concepts fraught with paradoxes. This chapter critiques the dominant discourse that views development as inherently beneficial and based on economic growth, advocating instead for alternative perspectives. A sense of well-being—defined not just by a “balanced” trilogy of economic, social, and environmental factors but also by a deep-seated feeling of belonging—is intrinsically linked to a liveable place. Yet, what constitutes a “liveable” place is a subjective experience, shaped by the unique realities and values of local communities, not just by abstract, structural metrics. Malta, a small densely populated island state deeply embedded in the global economy, serves as a critical case study. Despite experiencing significant economic growth, primarily fueled by a neoliberal focus on tourism, financial services, and the gaming industry, the island confronts a profound dichotomy. This rapid economic expansion has come at a considerable cost, manifesting as unsustainable development challenges epitomized by rampant overdevelopment and overtourism as well as widening social inequalities. This chapter examines Maltese people’s sense of satisfaction with the economic, social, and environmental aspects of their communities through survey research with a representative sample of the Maltese population (N = 400). Survey respondents mentioned the lack of green open spaces, pollution, traffic congestion, overdevelopment, and construction sites as the main environmental factors impacting their well-being. The level of crime, high population density, and issues with connectivity were main factors affecting their social well-being while affordability of property prices, increasing tourist accommodation and catering establishments, and availability and accessibility to buy daily needs were the main economic aspects affecting well-being. The findings call for a critical reexamination of “development” and constituents of well-being across the macro and micro level for a more sustainable and liveable urban and natural environment within the Maltese islands.