Phenotypic and genomic characterization of the Maltese hunting dog (kelb tal-kaċċa ta’ Malta)

Abstract

The traditional Maltese Hunting Dog (Kelb tal-Kaċċa ta’ Malta, KTKM) is deeply rooted in Maltese historical and cultural identity, being valued for its versatility in traditional hunting, where it usually flushes out and retrieves small migratory bird species. This study aims to characterise the KTKM phenotypically and genomically, to support its official recognition as a breed and the drafting of a breed standard. Morphological and visual examination of 36 adult KTKM, underline their similarity to European Braque-type dogs, presenting medium-sized and mesodolicomorphic body, mesocephalic head, large drop ears, thick hanging lips, and a short haired orange-and-white coat. Genomic data of 33 KTKM were compared with 41 dog breeds, including Italian and European breeds belonging to hunting dogs, primitive dogs, terriers, and shepherds. Genomic structure analyses placed the KTKM within the pointing dog cluster, phenotypically and functionally consistent, but also highlighted possible historical links to the Kelb tal-Fenek (indigenous to Malta and known internationally as the Pharaoh Hound) and spaniels. Admixture analysis showed high genetic uniformity and uniqueness within the KTKM sampled population, while runs of homozygosity indicated a relatively low inbreeding coefficient. In conclusion, the KTKM can be considered as being a distinct, genetically uniform breed that is aligned with pointing dogs, showing moderate levels of inbreeding and good heterozygosity. Breed recognition and conservation strategies are crucial to safeguard its gene pool and cultural significance.