Constraining big bang nucleosynthesis in 𝑓(𝑇, 𝐵) gravity through observational analysis

Abstract

In this article, we investigate the big bang nucleosynthesis scenario responsible for the birth of light elements in the context of 𝑓(𝑇 ,𝐵) gravity (where 𝑇 is the torsion scalar and 𝐵 is the boundary term). For this purpose, we consider four different models; [formula omitted, please refer to the original abstract on the article] to analyze the scenario. We calculate the deviation of the freeze-out temperature 𝑇𝑓 in comparison to that of the ΛCDM paradigm and compare it with the recent observational bound on [formula omitted, please refer to the original abstract on the article] to extract constraints for each model. We find that each model depict the production of light elements up to some constrained values of model parameters lying in the observational range. To observe the viability of our results, we scrutinize the Hubble parameter 𝐻 and conduct a Chi-square test to compare it with the observations. Each model remains compatible and consistent with the most recent observational data. Moreover, we obtain a reasonable level of consistency between the four models under investigation, and the Panteon+ sample together with ΛCDM model background. In the end we utilize the latest MCMC data analysis to find the viable constraints on free parameters with 1 − 𝜎, 2 − 𝜎, and 3 − 𝜎 level of confidence.