Attributes of chronic inflammation are instrumental for improved individual outcomes : a 3PM-guided approach

Abstract

Chronic inflammation, serving as the shared pathological basis for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular disorders, cancer, and metabolic syndrome, is characterized by a low-grade systemic state of persistent immune activation. This chapter is grounded in the predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (3PM) framework, systematically elaborating on the key characteristics of chronic inflammation, gut dysbiosis, mitochondrial stress, genetic predisposition, aging, and obesity, alongside corresponding intervention strategies in the following three aspects. (i) Predictive approaches: Integrating multiomics biomarkers (genomic, metagenomic, metabolomic) to construct risk stratification models, enabling non-invasive early patient subtyping (low-grade inflammatory, subclinically activated, system-wide progressive) via body fluid analysis (saliva, blood, etc.). (ii) Preventive strategy: Lifestyle interventions: Anti-inflammatory diets, regular exercise, and circadian rhythm regulation to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines release. Environmental and behavioral management: Mitigating psychological stress and reducing environmental toxin exposure can block aberrant activation of the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway. Targeted pharmacotherapy: Application of mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants, NLRP3 inhibitors, and immunomodulators to block the inflammatory cascade reaction. (iii) Personalized Medicine: Microbiota precision modulation: Designing probiotic or fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) regimens based on enterotype stratification (Prevotella/Bacteroides/Ruminococcus). Mitochondrial-targeted therapy: Guiding metabolic interventions such as nicotinamide riboside through circulating mtDNA analysis and respiratory chain function assessment. AI-driven dynamic monitoring: Integrating wearable devices to track salivary IL-1β and gut microbiota dynamics in real-time, optimizing therapeutic windows for intervention. In summary, through multidisciplinary integration, the 3PM strategy shifts chronic inflammation management from ‘disease treatment’ to ‘early risk interception’, significantly reducing healthcare costs while improving individual health outcomes.