Rare cancers of the cervix : modern strategies in overcoming challenges

Abstract

Rare histological subtypes of cervical cancer include neuroendocrine carcinoma, subtypes of adenocarcinoma, clear cell carcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, and combination of adenocarcinoma and squamous type carcinoma and other types of epithelial tumors. These subtypes pose mostly diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to their rarity, aggressive nature, and lack of standardized guidelines. Accurate diagnosis often requires specialized techniques like immunohistochemistry and molecular testing, as they can mimic common cervical cancers or metastatic lesions. Treatment strategies are typically derived from small case series or analogous cancers, highlighting the need for tailored approaches. The rarity of these cancers limits large-scale trials and evidence-based treatments. Biobanking is crucial for advancing research and precision medicine, enabling collaborative studies and novel therapies. Challenges include sample scarcity, ethical concerns, and the need for harmonized standards. Initiatives like GYNOCARE and international consortia aim to standardize biobanking, integrate multi-omics, and foster patient-researcher partnerships. Biobanking is vital for improving diagnostic accuracy, therapeutic outcomes, and survival in rare cervical cancers through global, multidisciplinary collaboration.