Artificial intelligence and the future of radiation science : automation, personalisation, and ethical considerations

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming radiation science by automating complex processes, personalising treatment, and enhancing diagnostic precision. In radiation oncology, AI-driven tools optimise treatment planning, reduce exposure, and improve patient outcomes through data-informed decision-making. These innovations allow clinicians to focus more on critical reasoning and patient-centred care rather than repetitive tasks. Yet, as automation deepens, concerns about transparency, accountability, and the loss of human oversight grow. This paper examines how AI learns from vast datasets to guide diagnosis and therapy, its role in automating and personalising care, and the ethical challenges that accompany its clinical role. Balancing innovation with human judgment remains essential to ensure AI continues to advance medicine responsibly.