Lateral habenula regulates temporal pattern organization of rat exploratory behavior and acute nicotine-induced anxiety in hole board

Abstract

Nicotine is one of the most addictive drugs of abuse. Tobacco smoking is a major cause of many health problems worldwide, and is the first preventable cause of death. Several findings show that nicotine exerts significant aversive as well as the well-known rewarding motivational effects. Less certain is the anatomical substrate that mediates or enables nicotine aversion. Here we have focused on nicotine-induced anxiety-like behavior in unlesioned and lesioned lateral habenula (LHb) rats. Firstly, we showed that acute nicotine induces anxiogenic effects in rats at the doses investigated (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) as measured by the hole-board apparatus, and manifested in behaviors such as decreased rearing and head-dipping and increased grooming. No changes in locomotor behavior were observed at any of the nicotine doses given. T-pattern analysis of the behavioral outcomes revealed a drastic reduction and disruption of complex behavioral patterns induced by all three nicotine doses, with the maximum effect for 1 mg/kg. Lesion of the LHb induced a significant anxiogenic effect, reduced the mean occurrences of T-patterns detected, and strikingly reverted the nicotine-induced anxiety to an anxiolytic effect. We suggest that LHb is critically involved in emotional behavior states and in nicotine-induced anxiety, most likely through modulating serotonergic/dopaminergic nuclei.